While some in ball culture paid this no mind they had always vogued and were going to continue doing so no matter the mainstreams opinion the singer was minting money off of a culture she had only just been introduced to, while many in that culture still struggled. 2016 winner On-Air Personality of the year, and
It has been the foundation of mainstream fashion for decades, influencing modern TV shows fromRuPauls Drag Raceto the Emmy Award-winning showPose. The Washington ballroom scene was created by Icon Founder Lowell Khanh (Lowell Thomas Hickman, (1987)) and Icon Eric Christian-Bazaar. The rhythm of samba and its name originated from the language and culture of West African slaves. Michel de Montaigne, a French philosopher, wrote about what he observed "individuals danced together so closely that their faces touched." Although initially popular amongst the lower classes, this 3/4-time dance eventually spread from the . [32][33], Ball culture was first captured and shown to a mainstream audience in Jennie Livingston's documentary Paris is Burning (1990). Logan, Utah: University Press of Colorado. [39] The city hosts a series of annual balls, in which contestants compete for trophies and cash prizes. Also several major houses established in other major cities have opened chapters in Atlanta. Fierce and fierceness, work it and working it, fabulous and fabulousness are heard in Paris Is Burning. [59][pageneeded] Dancer and choreographer Willi Ninja has been recognized as the "Grandfather of Vogue" and the dance, as well as Ninja himself, were covered in the documentary Paris is Burning.[58][59]. [65] Historically, the music featured at balls has been whatever is popular within the black LGBT community at the time, ranging from disco, to club music, to house, to rap and R&B. These were the first recorded interracial Drag Balls. [78], On April 18, 2019, it was announced that the premiere of the feature film Port Authority, a New York love story between a black trans woman from the ballroom scene and a cisgender man from the Midwest would compete in the Un Certain Regard competition at the prestigious 2019 Cannes Film Festival. in Drag Surfaces As He Promises to Sign Anti-Drag Bill, What Is The Hanky Code? With their groundbreaking musical dramaPose, FX and Ryan Murphy attempt to explore what life was like for gay, trans, and gender non-conforming individuals in New Yorks ballroom community in the mid-1980s, before the culture crossed over into the mainstream, as facilitated and appropriated by, among others, Madonnas Vogue and Jennie Livingstons Paris Is Burning. The show was created by Steven Canals, Brad Falchuk, and Ryan Murphy. Fed up with the restrictive and racist culture during the 1960's, Black queens Crystal LaBeija and her friend Lottie began their own drag ball titled 'House of LaBeija.'. A professor at New York University said Todays queer mania for ghetto fabulousness and bling masks its elemental but silent relationship to even more queer impulses toward fabulousness in the 1980s.. Stephanie Falciano holds a BA from Hofstra University in dance and MA in School Counseling from Hofstra University. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and Your California Privacy Rights. After meeting young Venus Xtravaganza in Paris Is Burning, we learn from her mother Angie, near the films end, that she was murdered by a john. (2020, November 10) Ballroom Cultures Influence on Modern Fashion https://berkeleyhighjacket.com/column/ballroom-cultures-influence-on-modern-fashion/#:~:text=Ballroom%20has%20provided%20opportunities%20for,off%20unique%20garments%20and%20pieces.&text=Ballroom%20culture%20has%20been%20the,Emmy%20Award%20winning%20show%20Pose. [69], According to PBS Sound Field interview with MikeQ, one of ball music pioneers, ball music started as house music being played at ballroom parties. [8] Typically, house members adopt the name of their house as their last name. Press, 1995. In 2017, 28 transgender people were reported murdered, the majority of whom were trans women of color. Veteran vogue commentator Dashaun Wesley reflects on how the ballroom scene has expanded, and the future of ball culture. [34] In the 1970s, Black queens Crystal LaBeija and her friend, Lottie, began their own drag ball titled House of LaBeija, kickstarting the current ballroom scene in New York. All rights reserved. There are judges, niche themes, and, of course, prize money. They aimed to create a partnership with the Western New York ball community and held monthly meetings where safe sex methods were taught along with information about the HIV trial vaccine. Its a move that later inspired Beyonc and Britney Spears, despite the lack of credit given to Maldonado for the move. They used to tell me, You have negroid features, and Id say, Thats all right, I have white eyes. Thats how it was back then., A House Is a Home Ballroom dance is a set of partner dances, . Language that grew out of it is common among the LGBTQ+ community as a whole (terms such as "reading" and "shade" meaning insults used in battles of wit, and "spilling tea" meaning gossiping). By Hugh Ryan. Now there is a distinct separation between both drag culture and performers and ball culture and performers, even though as stated previously, most artists and performers participate in both. In The Fierce Tribe: Masculine Identity and Performance in the Circuit (pp. RuPauls 1993 hit song Supermodel (You Better Work) had even middle-aged white suburbanites saying Work! That expressive lexicon still sashays from the lips of todays RuPauls Drag Race contestants: Yas, queen! In its most famous scene, Crystal LaBeija accuses the contest of being rigged by Flawless Sabrina, who serves as the contest emcee and the docs narrator, in favor of her protg Harlow. Ballroom culture and voguing in Asia trace back to the Nineties. Undoubtedly, the ballroom culture had a massive influence on the pop culture of our day, from fashion to music to popular slang, breaking boundaries beyond just the queer community. Lottie convinced Crystal, always a stickler for self-promotion, to do the ball by suggesting she start her own group, the House of LaBeija, wherein Crystal would be the Mother. The house then became a surrogate family for young queer black and Latino kids, who were often estranged from their biological families, living on the street, turning tricks, or otherwise struggling to get by. Elyssa Goodman is a New York-based writer and photographer. [29] Although the ball was integrated, racism was still present. [79] Almost every actor that plays a role of significance in the ballroom scenes in the film, including competitors, judges, and house members, are active members of the ballroom scene today. The Ballroom culture has influenced the ber-puffed-up peacock sexuality of contemporary mainstream hip hop. [42] Philadelphia's first ball was the Oynx Ball which took place in August 1989.[43][44]. What emerged from, in the words of Langston Hughes, the strangest and gaudiest of all Harlem spectacles in the 20s is no longer a reflection of the ever-declining American Dream, but rather a more fabulous alternative to it. Ballroom dance is consistently transforming itself. Pose which counts writer and activist Janet Mock as a producer, writer and a director employs more than 140 LGBTQ actors and crew members and features the largest cast of transgender actors in series regular roles ever. Vjuan Allure, a DJ, producer, and founder of the House of Allure, got his start in New York's ballroom scene, and said that while in the North, ballroom performers "were more out with their . It kicks off with the inaugural White Era that spanned the 1970s and first half of the 80s. Ball culture emerged in the 1920s in and around New York City. New Way, developed in the 1980s and was more dynamic, acrobatic, and athletic, often involving contortions and martial arts influences it is perhaps best exemplified by Willi Ninja, known as the Grandfather of Vogue, whose House of Ninja has become synonymous with voguing; the third and most recent form, developed in the mid-90s, is Vogue Fem, which involves hyper-effeminate posturing along with intricate hand and arm movements and dips, often known as deathdrops, The evolution of voguing also coincided with the shifting aesthetics of ballroom culture, away from pageantry and movie stars to high fashion. Wilson, J (2010, August 4). Named after Vogue magazine, Voguing required dancers to mirror the poses held by models, emphasizing arm and hand movements. [77] In the spring of 2018, the television series Pose premiered, set in New York and following participants in ball culture, as well as others in the 1980s Manhattan. The song went to number one in over 30 countries and became Madonna's best-selling single in the United States. Ballroom culture is now 30 years old in Philadelphia. In September 2006, Beyonc told a reporter from The Independent how inspired shes been by the whole drag-house circuit in the States, an unsung part of black American culture where working-class gay men channel ultra-glamour in mocked-up catwalk shows. Baltimore has a well-established ball community. Koppi Mizrahi, the Legendary House Mother of Mizrahi Japan chapter, has been recognised in the scene for over a decade. Modern ballroom culture, or ball culture emerged in the 1920s in and around New York City. To the veterans of the brand however, they'll undoubtedly bring about a nostalgic sense of belonging. Groups like the National Center for Transgender Equalityas well as GLAAD, GMHC and HRC, among others continue to fight on behalf of queer, trans and gender non-conforming people. The balls did not attract just queer patrons, though straight artists, writers . Director: Jennie Livingston | Stars: Brooke Xtravaganza, Andr Christian, Dorian Corey, Paris Dupre. As a countercultural phenomenon, the ballroom is rooted in necessity and defiance. According to Mapping LGBTQ STL, the first ball in St. Louis was called 'Miss Fannie's Artists' Ball', which was organized by the Jolly Jesters Social Group, and the ball helped to raise funds for charitable institutions in the Black community. Contestant in a ball at the National Museum of African Art, 2016. For decades, aspects of ballroom culture have featured prominently in the art community Madonna's 1990 chart-topper "Vogue," was based off of the dance style created by the ballroom community. In 2009, Logo TV aired the reality television series RuPaul's Drag Race, a competition show where drag queens face off in a series of challenges heavily inspired by competitions commonly seen in ballroom culture. To answer that question, we need to go back in time to the start of ballroom culture. [28], "Strangest and gaudiest of all Harlem spectacles in the '20s, and still the strangest and gaudiest, is the annual Hamilton Club Lodge Ball at Rockland Palace Casino. As Jose Xtravaganza told Dazed, I think this film helped us to lean on each other, and it made us feel like somebody. Paris is Burning was added to the National Film Registry in 2016. A History of Festive Homosexuality: 17001969 CE. In March 1990, after being introduced to voguing by Jose Gutierez Xtravaganza and Luis Camacho Xtravaganza at New Yorks Sound Factory dance club, Madonna came out with the song and video Vogue in 1990, which becxame one of the biggest and most defining hits of her career. In April, the boundary between transgender and not . "African American Lesbian and Gay History: An Exploration". The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time The Hamilton Lodge No. [55], Researchers with ProjectVOGUE also reached out to the ball community for assistance with vaccine trials and testing because minority participation is generally very low. Participants were and are mainly young African-American and Latin American members of the LGBTQ community. Analysis: Most general queer slang has been lifted straight out of queer subcultures, such as ballroom and drag. As Dorian Corey, Mother of the House Of Corey, says in Paris Is Burning, "In Ballroom we can be whatever we want. The Ballroom Scene (also known as the Ballroom community, Ballroom culture, or just Ballroom) is an African-American and Latino underground LGBTQ+ subculture that originated in New York City. 2023 Cond Nast. The dance form known as voguing started in the late 1980s, but its roots can be traced back to Harlem's drag ballroom competitions as early as the 1920s. The Sons of Tennessee Williams, a documentary by Tim Wolff released in 2010, follows their history. In the early 20th century, African Americans and Latinos started their balls. This account from the metropolitan Washington, D.C. area describes how ball culture and drag houses developed about 1960: Some regular house parties became institutionalized as drag "houses" and "families". Unequivocally, thats a good thing. How ballroom dancing went from elite pastime to dance hall craze. Black queens rarely participated, and when they did, they were expected to lighten their faces. Dancers would play out elaborate scenes such as applying makeup or taking phone calls while dancing down the catwalk. The 2016 film Kiki provided an updated portrait of the ball culture scene. Often referred to with terms like Ball culture, drag ball culture, the house-ballroom community. Ballroom culture is ready for its close-up and stepping toward the light in 5-inch glittery stilettos. 6. Balls happen, people come just to get a hot . Savigliano, Marta E. Tango and the Political Economy of Passion. Livingston didnt make much money off of the film merely $55,000, which, against standards of journalistic ethics, she gave to the films 13 participants and didnt herself become a household name, but the film did allow a cross-section of culture to be seen. Created by prominent drag queen RuPaul Charles, competitors sew, act, sing, and lip sync for a chance to win $100,000, a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar". Space: Dancers move through space in every possible way, varying their level, direction, and path as they move, no matter the form of dance. [47][48][49][50], Most of St. Louis' ballroom scene is intertwined with the drag scene since the ballroom scene is not as major as the other metropolitan cities like Chicago, Atlanta, New York, etc. Not content with just making history, Murphy announced last month that he will donate all of his Pose profits to trans and LGBTQ charities. Featuring men in female drag and women in male drag, the event was later known as the Faggots Ball or the Fairies Ball. Prizes would be given out for most beautiful gown and most perfect feminine body displayed by an impersonator., Editors picks In 2017, as part of a documentary series on New Zealand cultural identity, Vice Media produced an episode about New Zealand's ball culture, entitled "FAFSWAG: Auckland's Underground Vogue Scene".[76]. . Would you like to? To revisit this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories. Each new step in that transformation drew from various cultural traditions, from the Waltz with its roots in southern German folk songs and the Foxtrot with its rhythms of African origin. [11] In 1997, Emanuel Xavier published a seminal poetry manifesto titled Pier Queen and, in 1999, his novel Christ Like featured the first fictional main character involved with the Houses. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), and during the peak of the AIDS epidemic in mid 80s, the government did not take any steps to help those affected by the epidemic. He is a media trainer and for a decade now he has been helping content creators, aspiring and professional journalists gain a grounding in the history, ethics and values of journalism because he has witnessed how misinformation and unguarded report can set a town on fire. [6] In New Orleans in the 1950s, they appeared at Mardi Gras celebrations as krewes. When Madonna released her ground-breaking and iconic music video Vogue in 1990, its real-life vogue dancers resonated with Japanese audiences in particular. Overall, ball culture has been fertile ground for new forms of house music and other genres of electronic dance music through its DJs. [22] Balls range in scale from "mini balls" (typically characterized by a small selection of categories, few people walking, and a runtime of 1 to 2 hours) to mainstream events (characterized by the presence of most, if not all, categories in Ballroom, a significant number of participants for each category, and a runtime exceeding 4 hours with the largest of Balls capping at 8 hours).[22]. Between 2010 and 2016, the ballroom scene went further underground and disappeared totally in some states. As competition between the houses intensified, voguing emerged as the trademark dance style of the drag balls. 2. Them is the award-winning authority on what LGBTQ+ means today and tomorrow. Voguing and the house ballroom scene of New York City 1989-92. Houses that win trophies and gain recognition through years of participation (usually ten years) reach the rank of legendary. The language that grew out of it is shared among the LGBTQ+ community as a whole (such as terms reading and shade, meaning insults used in battles of wit, and spilling tea meaning gossiping). OCLC863223074. Black queens would sometimes participate but rarely won prizes due to discrimination. Yet ballroom-inspired fashion is not a new phenomenon. Romanticism started very late 18th century. This movement from an underground club-kid culture to the mainstream global phenomenon is quite exceptional. 18th - early 19th centuries - the era of romanticism in ballet, the female dancer first began to wear pointe shoes. Many start as late as 4:00 a.m. and keep bumping for upwards of ten hours. Ball culture then grew to include primarily gay, lesbian, bisexual, and Trans Black people and Latinos. Web. dancer, and activist who got her start in the ballroom scene. The tradition was historically distinguished from folk or country dance by its association with the elite social classes and with invitational dance events. And how did a show starring predominantly black and brown queer and trans people become one of the most anticipated television events of the year? Samba. 3. Story AB/Hard Working Movies. [67][68] Overall, ball culture has been a fertile ground for new forms of house music and other genres of electronic dance music through its DJs. This was at a time when those participating were called 'female impersonators' which we refer today as drag performers. This period, though by far the shortest, is at least From all the incredible stories about the Second World War, there are also some of them which hard to believe. Understanding the Ballroom Culture & Its Incredible Impact on the World! Maldonado was the first trans woman to appear on the show. Historically, the music featured at balls has been whatever is popular within the black Queer community at the time, ranging from disco to club music, to house, and now even rap and R&B. Ballroom culture has been around since the early '80s, . Though racially integrated for the participants, the judges of these circuits were mostly white people. Black queens rarely participated and when they did they were expected to lighten their faces.22 ub 2021 A Brief History of Modern . ', Striking a Pose: A Brief History of Ball Culture, Why Dating Apps Are Racist AF With or Without Ethnicity Filters, View all posts by Lester Fabian Brathwaite. The crew drummed up renewed interest in voguing, from not just the shows audience, but from mainstream media outlets like Out, Bitch, New York Daily News, The Washington Post*,* and more. Prior to being cast, Leyna Bloom became known internationally as a model and dancer, and she is active in the mainstream ballroom scene as New York City mother of the House of Miyake-Mugler. "You never knew what you were going to get," Omni, who entered the ballroom scene at 16, said of early ball performers. Thugs: Those who have the look/demeanor of a hyper-masculine Black man. "Funny Sweet and Fabulous": Black Trans Woman Cashay Henderson Killed in Milwaukee, 6 Pages You Should Follow To Learn About Perus Indigenous Uprising Right Now, Photo of Tennessee Gov. The original ball culture actually predates the scene from the 1970s. ), with a $100,000 prize awarded to the winner. In 1905, samba became known to other countries during an exhibition in Paris. Last year, Nike also chose to highlight Maldonado in their #BeTrue campaign, acknowledging her own athleticism and talent, as well as that required for voguing. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. The actor Billy Porter's look . In 1990, GMHC launched the Latex Ball in order to distribute health information to the ball community; celebrating its 28th year this month, the Latex Ball is the worlds largest, attracting thousands of people from around the world, and offering, in addition to competitions in various categories, free HIV testing and prevention materials. Did a ballroom dance 7 letters? Although the Hamilton Lodge was a colored organization, there were many white people present and they danced with and among the colored people, wrote the New York Age in 1926. Because at a time when the rights and freedoms of queer people of color are increasingly at risk, the history of ball and house culture is more vital than ever. Once just an art form to fulfill the female roles in theatre to challenging the norms . [40], In 1931, the newspaper Baltimore Afro-American covered a local drag ball. On the fourth season of Americas Best Dance Crew, teen audiences at MTV got exposure to voguing in ways little seen since Madonnas Vogue. Dance crew Vogue Evolution took the stage, comprised of Dashaun Wesley, Jorel Rios, Malechi Williams, Devon Webster, and Wonder Woman of Vogue Leiomy Maldonado. In contrast to the New York houses in Paris Is Burning, some of the Washington, D.C. house mothers were white. Underground LGBTQ ballroom competitions started in the 1970s as a safe haven for black and brown young people. Dancer and choreographer Willi Ninja have been recognized as the Grandfather of Vogue, and the dance and Ninja himself were covered in the documentary Paris is Burning. The House of LaBeija may have been the very first house, founded in either 1970 or 1972, though accounts differ. These guidelines are created by the promoters of a Ball and may/may not adhere to an overall theme for the Ball. In the beginning, performers consisted mainly of white men putting on drag fashion shows. [70] Over time, distinct features of ball music emerged, for instance the "Ha" crash, being placed on the every fourth of 4 beats and the minimal repetitive vocals, provided by ball commentators. But how does everyone and their grandmother know what throwing shade is? It is a battle of wit, in which the winner is one who gets the crowd to laugh the most. To paraphrase one of those famous quotes: They brought it to you at every ball why yall gagging so? The article detailed the "coming out of new debutantes into gay society". In order, Vjuan Allure was the first to remix "The Ha Dance" in 2000, followed by Angel X in 2002, and then MikeQ in 2005. In the last decade, the scene has exploded in the Seattle . Society says youre worthless, but the music says no thats a great thing, and youre not alone.. [18][71], Ball culture has influenced "the ber-puffed-up peacock sexuality" of contemporary mainstream hip hop. The show has won a plethora of awards and spawned several spin-off series. [70] The "Ha" crash cymbals often signify the time for ball dancers to strike a pose or hit the floor. Lyrics are just as stylish as the beats and often praise queerness and femininity. ISBN9780955481765. Voguing started coming to life in the late 1980's but it actually first began here in Uptown Manhattan in . The New York City neighborhood saw an explosion of . [30] This racial discrimination prompted Black and Latino attendees to form their own balls, and modern ballroom culture began to develop out of Harlem in the late 1960s,[31] and expanded rapidly to other major cities. a racially and economically diverse audience, strangest and gaudiest of Harlem spectacles, People Are Getting Pregnant on TikToks Trendy 'On-Demand' Birth Control, Tennessee Ex-Cop Sues After Becoming Porn Meme, Claims She Was 'Groomed' for Sex With Coworkers, Vanessa Bryant Settles Lawsuit Over Helicopter Crash Photos for $28.85 Million, Alex Murdaugh's Brother Says He Cleaned Up Nephew's Remains, Family Remembers OnlyFans Model Coconut Kitty as Badass Artist,' Rockstar Mom, The Mandalorian Season Three Gets Off to a Disappointing Start, Kodak Black Ordered to Enter Drug Rehab Facility By Judge, Ed Sheeran Announces Final Mathematical-Themed Album 'Subtract', Viewers Can Watch Prince Harry Talk to a Trauma Expert for $33.09. Macaulay says, "I think about my time hosting and attending balls with a lot of . Khanh ( Lowell Thomas Hickman, ( 1987 ) ) and Icon Eric Christian-Bazaar white eyes and working,... Museum of African Art, 2016 of ball culture emerged in the Circuit ( pp back time! The lack of credit given to Maldonado for the ball are just as stylish as the Faggots ball the! Lodge No of ballroom culture & its Incredible Impact on the show April, the of! Murdered, the scene has exploded in the 1920s in and around New York City dancers. Decade, the judges of these circuits were mostly white people, fabulous and fabulousness are heard in Paris does! Has been around since the early & # x27 ; s but it actually began... Been recognised in the early & # x27 ; s but it actually first began in... Themes, and Id say, Thats all right, I have white eyes ballroom competitions started the... The Nineties rupauls drag Race contestants: Yas, queen Kiki provided an updated portrait the! To answer that question, we need to go back in time to the mainstream global phenomenon quite!, bisexual, and activist who got her start in the last decade, the is! Over 30 countries and became Madonna & # x27 ; ll undoubtedly bring about nostalgic. Which contestants compete for trophies and cash prizes contrast to the Nineties in 5-inch glittery stilettos featuring men female... Trace back to the mainstream global phenomenon is quite exceptional Although the ball emerged. When they did they were expected to lighten their faces.22 ub 2021 a Brief History of modern the of... Home ballroom dance is a set of partner dances, been recognised in the last decade the. Bill, what is the Hanky Code $ 100,000 prize awarded to the winner gain recognition years. Inspired Beyonc and Britney Spears, despite the lack of credit given to for. Was still present and may/may not adhere to an overall theme for the participants, house-ballroom. 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The song went to number one in over 30 countries and became &. Thomas Hickman, ( 1987 ) ) and Icon Eric Christian-Bazaar for its close-up stepping! Very first house, founded in either 1970 or 1972, though straight artists writers. Most general queer slang has been lifted straight out of New York City spin-off series referred to terms! By the promoters of a ball at the National Museum of African,... Disappeared totally in some States the Hamilton Lodge No female roles in theatre to challenging the norms were called impersonators... Washington, D.C. when did ballroom culture start mothers were white models, emphasizing arm and movements... Men putting on drag fashion shows but it actually first began here in Uptown Manhattan in means today tomorrow. That win trophies and cash prizes visit My Profile, then View stories... ), with a $ 100,000 prize awarded to the winner today drag! It, fabulous and fabulousness are heard in Paris series of annual balls, 1931... The Nineties to dance hall craze & quot ; I think about time... Even middle-aged white suburbanites saying Work bring about a nostalgic sense of.... Language and culture of West African slaves in other major cities have opened chapters in Atlanta and grandmother. Named after vogue magazine, voguing emerged as the beats and often praise queerness and femininity Christian Dorian. Time for ball dancers to mirror the poses held by models, arm. Of belonging $ 100,000 prize awarded to the National Museum of African Art, 2016 a Home ballroom dance a... Dancers resonated with Japanese audiences in particular our User Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and California. And hand movements, Thats all right, I have white eyes - 19th... The newspaper Baltimore Afro-American covered a local drag ball culture then grew to primarily... Her start in the United States have white eyes the house-ballroom community Dashaun Wesley reflects on how the ballroom has. Became Madonna & # x27 ; s look has expanded, and Murphy. Is the award-winning when did ballroom culture start on what LGBTQ+ means today and tomorrow female first... Ballroom dancing went from elite pastime to dance hall craze later known as the trademark dance of! To laugh the Most this was at a time when those participating called! Majority of whom were trans women of color drag, the event was later known as Faggots! Actor Billy Porter & # x27 ; ll undoubtedly bring about a nostalgic sense of belonging emphasizing arm and movements... Laugh the Most it kicks off with the inaugural white Era that spanned the as... Competitions started in the United States it, fabulous and fabulousness are heard in....
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