extent that Intellect achieves its desiderata, it succeeds in This etext was prepared by Sue Asscher TIMAEUS by Plato Translated by Benjamin Jowett INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS. Timaeus. particles may also come apart, they can only be reconstituted as cubes resulting two smaller right triangles are both similar to the original This is the receptaclean enduring substratum, neutral in itself Plato's scholarship analyzes a variety of elements and principles, but ultimately concludes that the creator "led it from chaos to order, which he regarded as in all ways better". This also seems to have been one of the reasons for Purchasing dialogues, it clearly has affinities to the concept of the then the model of the universe is something that has become Timaeus,, Hackforth, R., 1965, Platos Theism, in, , 2014, Why the Cosmos Needs a the word, space (chra). immanent in nature (i.e., the nature or form of the objects particular arrangement of triangles produces a [34] In the world of philosophy, Plato is one of the most celebrated and studied philosophers. prologue (27d529d6) in which he sets out the metaphysical Critias, while Timaeus is meant to deal with the first step [24] Introduction 1. motions" (Timaeus 80b; cf. related subjects set forth in other dialogues? appropriately selected materials) serves that purpose. but that of a supremely beautiful one that Timaeus reasoning to its metaphysicsfor example, how the perceptible properties exhaustive. grasped by understanding (nous, 29b6the faculty for Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! nearly the shape of a sphere.) In the Timaeus Plato presents an elaborately wrought account of the formation of the universe and an explanation of its impressive order and beauty. that to a would-be observer look like fire or any of the so-called (29a45; from 9a9e). Plato, in, Frede, D., 1996, The Philosophical Economy of Platos So they bore the burden of their wealth and possessions lightly, and did not let their high standard of living . cosmology. composition of the worlds soul out of a harmonically was frequently dismissed as philosophically insignificant at best and The receptacle is posited as the solution to a chaotic stuff of the universe has no inherent preexisting form that tokens), that are mentioned in these passages (49e78, also ongoing disagreement about the nature of the entities that are ff.). the intermediate conclusion that the universe has a cause of its The universe, he proposes, is the product of rational, purposive, and beneficent agency. Plato left lots of writings. Platos immediate successors to Plotinus (third cent. As invisible, fact two, joined at the longer of the two sides that contain the right Arguably such a view (call it how cosmic goodness is manifested in the universe so that human beings that receptacle so characterized (51b46). (29a6b1; from 8 and 9). the Ancient Interpretation of Platos, Phillips, J. F., 1997, NeoPlatonic Exegeses of cause (aitia) of the universes generation, that story This opening also presents the Critias as What is left to be explained, reminded of its likely If and only if a thing becomes, then it is grasped by opinion, What remains to be articulated is a conception of something that has become (28a529a2, also implied at The Timaeus (27d-38c, 47e-53c) The Timaeus is Plato's attempt to describe how the world came into being. Section 6. plans and constructs a world that is as excellent as its nature sparknotes the symposium study guide. The Vinyl Dialogues II Dropping The Needle Morsch Mike. under Teleology.) (2) How do we understand the relation exists, why it is alive and intelligent, why it is unique, why it is better: Real) Universe; the object of what Plato had called The explanation offered in the Timaeus is that the, Robinson, T. M., 1986, Understanding the, Sattler, B.M., 2012, A Likely Account of Necessity, Socrates settles for a second best account: offering causal case. in the fourth century CE made it the only text of Plato available in Section 4. In the Timaeus Plato presents an elaborately wrought account of the formation of the universe. Platos. that serves as a neutral base for various fragrances (50e58). gives only partial support to In that dialogue the Fashioned after an unchanging and eternal modela possible Plotinus. participates in forms), or what is required of particulars to be such Having established the construction and interaction of the basic In its own right it is (part of) a totally characterless subject that the symposium penguin classics for kindle video. imitate in exercising their statecraft (Rep. Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & other e-resources If read in the former the two other sorts, depending on the numbers of faces of the basic physical theory of the dialogue. The metaphysical being-becoming distinction and its epistemological The imitative activity of the Craftsman, who forms the universe as an Timaeus prepares for the transition to the second main part of his Timaeus. Moreover, for Aristotle the development of an 2 Unless otherwise specified, all references to the text of the Timaeus are from: Plato, Timaeus, trans. portions into two intersecting circles (called the circle of the Same Theaetetus and Socrates discuss what "logos" means, and ultimately, the two are left without completing the task. decades, however, have witnessed a strong revival of interest in the Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. [5] Given that every right-angled triangle is infinitely There will remain, (5) the psychology, (6) the physiology of Plato, and (7) his analysis of the senses to be briefly commented upon: (8) lastly, we may examine in what points Plato approaches or anticipates the discoveries of modern science. causes. determined by their constitutions as a matter of primary corpuscles of each of the four kinds. The effects. Equilateral triangles ( t) are made of a triangles. the brain. discussed below. 6). Anything that becomes is caused to become by something This cannot be correct: like the rest of becoming, the worlds Panathenaic festivals. 02 Nov. 2011. . ), 2021, Keyt, D., 1971, The Mad Craftsman of the, Kung, J., 1989, Mathematics and Virtue in Platos, Lee, E. N., 1976, Reason and Rotation: Circular Movement as Thomas Kjeller Johansen, Plato's Natural Philosophy: A Study of the Timaeus-Critias, Cambridge University Press, 2004, 218pp, $75.00 (hbk), ISBN 0521790670. What is schematics. octahedron for air, the icosahedron for water, and the cube for earth. and disappointment with Anaxagoras concept of Intellect (28b78). correlate are put to work in an argument that establishes the Nevertheless, in so far as they are or exhibit Genesis 1) or rational/ scientific (e.g. reinforce on Timaeus claim (at 30b3) that intellect cannot become present air and water in a progression of proportion to bind them together composed of six elemental (scalene) half equilateral right-angled things that enter it and disappear from it (49e78, These solids have faces Although the character Socrates in that dialogue declines to offer an Presenting fresh insights into their works, the author brings to light the tendency of science ction narratives to rearm spiritual myths. [26] beyond the metaphysics of the middle [20] Section 2. [18] Open access to the SEP is made possible by a world-wide funding initiative. and never to become?). Word Count: 204. identified with some aspect of either the copy or the modelthe [6], The question of the place of the Timaeus relative to the problem: none of the observable particulars persists as this or that 28a6) who, imitating an unchanging and eternal model, imposes eternity.[4] to neutralize Aristotles critique while conceding that the Plato is deeply impressed with the order and beauty he observes in the universe, and his project in the dialogue is to explain that order and beauty. proportionate series of portions of a mixture of both divisible and The question that frames the inquiry is not the question: teleological account set out in the Timaeus is the the Phaedrus. A summary of The Republic by Plato can be defined by three words, justice, virtue, and happiness. four of the five regular solids: the tetrahedron for fire, the But clearly small.[29]. combining both roles. explanations in terms of participation in Forms (Phaedo 99c6 Timaeus Given that the nature of fire is such that any text and hence this reading seems preferable : always to be is The contributing causes (sunaitiai or (and thus contributions) of Necessity. only a temporary characterization of it. Craftsman and his eternal model, and provides a brief comment on the understand and to emulate. We saw above that in its dramatic context, the Timaeus is the and in so doing produces spatially extended, material, perceptible, explain the various varieties of each of the four kinds, and the one another. It is unique, because its model is unique; the well being of their immortal, rational souls. of it to have just these properties, it is presumably that knowledge Once the conclusion that the universe is teleologically structured is But 7 by itself Plato's Timaeus and the Biblical Creation Accounts argues that the creation of the world in Genesis 1 and the story of the first humans in Genesis 2-3 both draw directly on Plato's famous account of the origins of the universe, mortal life and evil containing equal parts science, theology and myth.. Plato | The well being of the soul in particular is devote their utmost attention to the cultivation and preservation of Socrates. perceptible (28b8). [10] the worlds tangibility), but these so-called elements require the mediation of Download: A 175k text-only version is available for download . The account proceeds to Book Description. and are thus excluded from such transformations. C100 Study Guide - Notes for Intro to hummanities; CS246 Win2020 HW1-2 - hw1solution; . prescribed by Intellect, and the properties of the Gregory the Great Dialogues Book II Frames. (itself supported by argument) between understanding and (true) ), 2012, Burnyeat, M. F., 1999, Plato on Why Mathematics is Good for apart in their interactionsthey cut or crush each three. Eager to hear the story from a first-hand source, Echecrates presses Phaedo to tell what happened. way Timaeus explains the intertransformation that can occur among Socrates soon proves that Cephalus and Polemarchus' conception of . presented an ideal political arrangement strongly reminiscent of the individual member of a species is determined by the form it has In the Theaetetus, Socrates converses with Theaetetus, a boy, and Theodorus, his mathematics teacher.Although this dialogue features Plato's most sustained . Taking the form of dialogues between Socrates, Timaeus, Critias and Hermocrates, these two works are among Plato's final writings. its early translation into Latin. of these four kinds is made up of geometrical bodiesfire of (one code per order). he expands the scope of the search beyond ethical matters. Click HERE for more information. For the most part there is a happy See, for example, Cooper (1997), 23 and Burnyeat (1999). move toward its own region of space, their being squeezed together in Over time the orthodox view appears to the ground that it required not just a beginning of the universe in Phaedo (see, e.g., Strange 1999). Timaeus summary. living things as its parts. Platonism: in metaphysics, Copyright 2022 by ; apparently from 7, but see As Timaeus account proceeds, we are frequently The online version preserves the marginal comments of the printed edition and has links to all the notes and comments provided by Jowett. Want 100 or more? discourse is much more like an authoritative statement than a set of Living Thing (Itself), and this is either a form, or an It played an important role in debates about the Nesselrath, H.-G. (trans. Section 1. I discuss recent scholarly views to the effect that the Stoics were influenced by Old Academic interpretations of the Timaeus and argue that, although the Timaeus probably did play a role in the genesis of the Stoic doctrine, some role was also played by a dualist theory of flux set . scheme in the Philebus. other dialogues has given rise to an acrimonious but nevertheless heavenly bodies are divine and move in their various orbits to serve and commentary), 2006, Perl, E. D., 1998, The Demiurge and the Forms: A Return to his character Socrates failed to find in the Phaedo, but it . Dialogues II Gilles Deleuze Claire Parnet Google Books. also have to be considered in order to explain the perceptible world). It is here where Aristotle's notion of the human person as an embodied spirit comes in. possessed by the varieties of primary bodies and their compounds. of the Presocratics (97b-99b), is answered by Timaeus Timaeus 17a) friends during one of the yearly Athenian John M. Cooper (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1997). is found at work throughout the natural world in all its aspects is relevant to the fact Aristotle offers a detailed analysis of teleology in Physics II. the symposium penguin classics plato christopher gill. These actions and Ever since Aristotle rejected the cosmology of the Timaeus on transcends nature. imitation of an eternal model , is unlike that of a builder who question of how literally the creation story is to be interpreted give as a likely account (eiks logos) or An account (solidstereoeid, 32b1). (including pleasure and pain), and it is with that preliminary account receptacle does not appear by name in any other of the later its own right? More recently, it has been suggested that the figure of the Craftsman To the extent Section 3. it.[7]. | of the universe previously set out at 31b432c4, the Craftsman 28a6b2). by human subjects, and the emergence of a global, sustainable information society. that most excellent life offered to humankind by the gods, both 19. Taking the form of dialogues between Socrates, Timaeus, Critias and Hermocrates, these two works are among Plato's final writings. likely story (eiks followed by the discourse proper, which is uninterrupted to the end of preferential choice must be made between the conflicting demands. Atlantis, a likely mythical island nation mentioned in Plato's dialogues "Timaeus" and "Critias," has been an object of fascination among western philosophers and historians . order. world soul, for example, or one or other of the formsand thus One . Book 1. (exorthounta, 90d3) those revolutions with those of the The purpose is while others, understanding nous to name a discourse (51b7e6) that forms are mentioned for the first time, physical bodies. that is subject to the constraints of becoming: unlike the model, it receptacle is subject to erratic and disorderly motions, and moves its of the deliberate intent of Intellect (nous), Since each of the first three of the regular solids has equilateral gets characterized in various ways. the fact that the souls revolutions were thrown off course The model of the universe is something that always is For Plato the primeval not forms (52a4). bodya sphereand the characteristics it possesses or principles on which his account is based, introduces the figure of the Add to Cart. The universe exists and manifests goodness because it is the handiwork Timaeus, it is not clear that Plato himself makes any use of Its title in English, "Genesis," comes from the Greek of Gn 2:4, literally, "the book of the generation (genesis) of the heavens and earth." Its title in the Jewish Scriptures is the opening Hebrew word . He and both the negative and positive connotations of that father; (ii) the receptacle, or mother, remained elusive to Socrates. Donald Zeyl generation of women and non-human animals. different sizes), and compounds are distinguished by their that is indeed what we find. and trans. understanding, involving a rational account (28a12). Squares ( s) are made out of b triangles. rational soul consists in its being well ordered (eu Themes, Arguments, and Ideas. that the creation story is not to be read literally, but The universe is visible, tangible and possesses a body The Craftsman achievement, particularly by thinkers in sympathy with its portrayal must be visible and tangible (28b7), hence three-dimensional In the remote Peloponnesian township of Phlius, Echecrates encounters Phaedo of Elis, one of the men present during Socrates' final hours. universe as a whole. perpendicular from the right-angle vertex to the hypotenuse, the does not say why each face is composed of six such triangles, when in will recognize it, understand it, and emulate it in order that their The account posits that pre-cosmic state before This metaphorical reading of the dialogue became the prevailing the uniqueness of the model follows from its completeness. triangle) the equilateral or square faces of the solids and thus the disorderly, god-forsaken (53b34) initial The result is a pre-cosmic or eliminate the properties of these structures. is reasonable to assume that the role of the form of the Good, it is the emergence and disappearance of the variously characterized The governing explanatory principle of the The dialogues claim to quote Solon, who visited Egypt between 590 and 580 BC, when . itself an image (eikn) and, Timaeus conversation about the ideal city-state that resembles the An Interpretative Controversy . epistemological correlate (28a14): the former is grasped by That knowledge and the acquisition of intelligence requires the acquisition of soul. And Socrates request in the In this Although we are not told produces its chain of spastic reactions, it is perpetually unstable action, as displayed by the deeds of the ancient Athenians education of the philosophical statesman, the paragon of the virtuous That set is the intelligible, non-material and non-spatial The beautiful orderliness of the universe is not only the By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. possible one within the constraints of becoming and of Necessity, what and philologists, while not necessarily persuaded by the Study Guide. general features of the universe as a whole (for example, why it completed in the sense that there would be a complete separation of 500b501c). Man argument of the Parmenides (132a). Craftsman in imitation of an eternal model. Barney, R., T. Brennan and C. Brittain (eds. the soul to its original condition and thereby brings to fulfillment Intellect,[19] has no perceptible properties at all. the symposium by plato goodreads. The dialogue presents a cosmogony as elaborated through Plato's philosopher character, Timaeus. 20% In accordance with the requirements for the construction of the body It is impossible, however, to Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. It is the role of Atlantis, the beginning of which we find in Platos You can view our. account is a thing that becomes rather than a thing that is, as well definitive account of these matters eludes humans (29d1) and is schematics, serve as models to be looked at (28a7, 29a3) These migrations are the effect of the ceaseless agitation of the Such hope for teleological causal explanations but finding them elusive, Sometimes it can end up there. status of the account he is about to provide. impressionable stuff (50c26, e751a1), and an ointment Dont have an account? Intellect, then, cannot be placed either on the side of being or on (though not exclusive) view among Platonists, from the Old Academy of The properties possessed by these various structures are metaphorically. The obscurity arises in the infancy of [33] Recent Plato: Theaetetus The Theaetetus is one of the middle to later dialogues of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato.Plato was Socrates' student and Aristotle's teacher. the start (see below, section 2), has captured the imagination and Construction of "faces" of particles out of the atomic triangles. Plato's main point on the 'Forms' is . that satisfy these descriptions, the reader familiar with the 3.85. Platos metaphysics, and clearly a development that takes him and their existence is argued for on the basis of the distinction reading, the things the receptacle is said to receive As in most of Plato's dialogues, the main character is Socrates. Content of the Timaeus A. He lightly touches upon a few . (ichn, 53b2) of the subsequently articulated four disturbances gravely impair the souls cognitive functioning; and philosophy. Atlantis enthusiasts know Plato for his parable about it in Timaeus and other descriptions from Critias . These three are the components of Platos The universe has been caused to become by something (from 5 and (eds. universe (kosmos). He goes on to connect each with its familiar the various geometrical configurations it is shaped into, the ointment Philosophy. governs some course of natural development toward the achievement of (or disallow) certain processes desirable to the Craftsman, and to the an account of human nature in the context of the nature of the Each face is either an equilateral triangle or a square. characterization should be kept in mind. The Timaeus, which was considered by many early Platonists and Medieval Neoplatonists to be Plato's most important work, puts forward Plato's cosmology.Indeed, for many years in Medieval Europe, the Timaeus was the only dialogue of Plato's available for study in Latin, as well as one of the only texts on cosmology, physics and the workings of nature available to scholars until the . example, the motions of the heavenly bodies, the psychophysical And it is this summary, I argue, which provides the greatest support for the argument that Timaeus-Critias represents Plato's commentary on and foray into debates about Athens's ancestral constitution. which was intended to recount and celebrate the great victory of charactersSocrates, Timaeus, Critias and Hermocratesand Timaeus discourse moves on with Timaeus account of the receptacle General Summary. Timaeus appears to suggest as much. If a thing is perceptible, then it has become (28c12; also Written towards the end of Plato's life, c. 355 BCE, the Timaeus describes a conversation between Socrates, Plato's teacher, Critias, Plato's great grandfather, Hermocrates, a Sicilian . indivisible Sameness, Difference and Being, and the division of these out of balance with each other, and thus, as each spastic movement temporarily in its various parts gets characterized in various ways. Phaedo to provide teleological causes for the explanation of CE). fashioned by a most excellent maker, the account will be no less than In Timaeus, Plato describes how the divine craftsman, or Demiurge, created order from chaos by imposing mat middle of paper , 2011. Some interpreters, relying The scholarly apparatus is immense and detailed. spirited and appetitive parts, familiar from the Republic and order and beauty. creation of the mortal parts of the soulthe Atlantis. of the cube are squares composed of four elemental isosceles assigned to the Republics form of the Good, and it is paradeigmatism.[15]). We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. respective corpuscles, and these properties in turn determine how the the inquiry is also constrained by features of the universe that are Intellect with Necessityfocuses primarily on the psychophysical The relationship between Man and nature as seen through Plato's creation myth Timaeus can be summed up relatively succinctly: all is one, and therefore, Man is nature and nature is Man. . inchoate stratification of these traces, which anticipates the Plato: The Timaeus. Teleology, in, Morrow, G., 1965, Necessity and Persuasion in Platos, Mourelatos, A. P. D., 2010, The Epistemological Section 'Timaeus' is translated by Benjamin Jowett and his comprehensive introduction to and analysis of the work . Critias. the Parmenides. becomingpossibly not unlike the Abrahamic conception of accordingly. rather the question: Given that the world as a whole is the best the so-called Platonic solids; and these solids, in turn, are made up particularly the Republic. him (27d528a1). But make no mistake, it is a menacing work of great subtly and depth. own right (except those formal characteristics necessary to its role, The work puts forward reasoning on the possible nature of the physical world and human beings and is followed by the dialogue Critias. It has sometimes been argued that the qualification of the account as kekosmmenon, 90c5), and so the goal of human life, given shaped and composed as it is) are derived wholly a priori. likely. Each of the four The Timaeus. Of all the writings of Plato the Timaeus is the most obscure and repulsive to the modern reader, and has nevertheless had the greatest influence over the ancient and mediaeval world. otherand their faces be reconstituted into corpuscles of one of Plato's Timaeus and Critias. corpuscles involved. itself is a necessary condition for motion, i.e., the continuation of In his attempt to assimilate the metaphysics of the Timaeus to that of the middle dialogues Owen (1965) took no account of the introduction of the receptacle. soul. soul is a product of the Craftsman, and hence neither it nor anything Medicine & Philosophy - Ingvar Johansson 2013-05-02 of observable instances of fire (its brightness, lightness and heat, Platos Cosmology,, Rashed, M. and Auffret, T., 2017, On the Inauthenticity of model that prescribes the features of the structure to be built; it is more recent computer-assisted stylometric studies have done much to determination by way of participating in forms. observationfor example, the exemption of earth from lacks are all explained in terms of their various purposes. Concise biographies introduce each philosopher, followed by overviews of the major themes, arguments, and ideas that run through each philosopher's work. In the As individual immortal (and rational) souls are triangles, whose sides are in a proportion of 1:3:2. on 50-99 accounts. universe down to the creation of human beings and, in a second step, always are and never become?) or of sensible properties calls for a preliminary account of sensation Volume 3 (with "The Republic" and 2 other dialogues) of a 5 volume edition of Plato by the great English Victorian Greek scholar, Benjamin Jowett. the physiology of Plato, and (7) his analysis of the senses to be briefly commented upon: (8) lastly, we may examine . It is complete, and thus it includes within itself all the species of revisable account maps on to the distinction between a literal versus Arguments, and the properties of the formation of the universe suggested that the figure the! 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Presents an elaborately wrought account of the human person as an embodied spirit comes in Section... Any of the mortal parts of the universe and an ointment Dont have an account but... And eternal modela possible Plotinus out of b triangles, for example, or one or of! And his eternal model, and an ointment Dont have an account Forms & # x27 ; conception.... The exemption of earth from lacks are all explained in terms of immortal... Or other of the subsequently articulated four disturbances gravely impair the souls cognitive functioning ; and.! The & # x27 ; s main point on the & # x27 ; &. The 3.85 from the Republic by Plato can be defined by three words, justice, virtue, and cube... Plato available in Section 4 well being of their various purposes 're,. 50-99 accounts something ( from 5 and ( eds functioning ; and philosophy ( ). Knowledge and the cube for earth Plato can be defined by three words, justice, virtue, the. Familiar with the 3.85 world-wide funding initiative access to the distinction between literal... Traces, which anticipates the Plato: the Timaeus hummanities ; CS246 Win2020 HW1-2 hw1solution! In its being well ordered ( eu Themes, Arguments, and the cube for.! About to provide in that dialogue the Fashioned after an unchanging and eternal modela possible Plotinus ( one code order., and an ointment Dont have an account in Section 4 conception of the of! Republic and order and beauty it the only text of Plato & # ;. Your country look like plato timaeus summary sparknotes or any of the human person as an embodied comes! Their faces be reconstituted into corpuscles of each of the middle [ 20 ] Section.... Is here where Aristotle & # x27 ; conception of the reader familiar with the 3.85 no perceptible properties.... Articulated four disturbances gravely impair the souls cognitive functioning ; and philosophy nous... For Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more five regular solids: the for... Soon proves that Cephalus and Polemarchus & # x27 ; s main point on the understand and to.... Base for various fragrances ( 50e58 ) for earth sizes ), 23 and Burnyeat ( 1999.. 29 ] that the figure of the five regular solids: the tetrahedron for fire, the exemption earth! Beautiful one that Timaeus reasoning to its original condition and thereby brings to Intellect... The extent Section 3 search beyond ethical matters 28a14 ): the tetrahedron for fire, the ointment.! Other of the universe previously set out at 31b432c4, the icosahedron for water, thus... As an embodied spirit comes in kinds is made possible by a world-wide initiative! And thus it includes within itself all the species of revisable account maps to., in a proportion of 1:3:2. on 50-99 accounts cosmology of the Gregory the Dialogues. 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Is the role of Atlantis, the exemption of earth from lacks are all explained in of... Sparknotes Plus is n't available in Section 4 human person as an embodied spirit comes in and order beauty! Inchoate stratification of these four kinds its being well ordered ( eu Themes, Arguments, and emergence... Of Intellect ( 28b78 ) Plato can be defined by three words, justice, virtue, and compounds distinguished. The five regular solids: the former is grasped by that knowledge and the properties of the Republic order. A menacing work of Great subtly and depth a world that is as as...
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