NARRATOR: There were several herniated discs, a broken vertebra, torn rotator cuff and separated shoulder. NARRATOR: Dr. McKee has now examined the brains of 46 former NFL players. The league actually never got around to looking at it in any kind of valid way. I'll bring them to you. Nobody ever told me. There's "The science is still emerging and we're really going to try and do long-term studies on this. Said, "Oh, he's even bigger than Mike Webster." Dr. ANN McKEE: This is something you would never. He said, "OK, I'll tell you." NARRATOR: At Dr. McKee's research lab, thanks to the NFL's endorsement, the brain bank business was booming. Then instead of the NFL, he became a professional wrestler.. MARK FAINARU-WADA: He ends up with the nickname Chris Harvard, the persona of this sort of snobbish wrestler who's smarter than all the fans. But it's not the only issue. Franco Harris is down to 30, big pileup. Dr. ANN McKEE: And he wanted me to come to the NFL office and present the data. You may use your text or the GCU Library website to help you, but do not use citation generators.A textbook: The second edition of Psychology and Your Life by Robert S. Feldman written in 2013. She's done a great job. So, fine. ANNOUNCER: A major FRONTLINE investigation of what the NFL knew and when it knew it. And they kept interrupting. During PBS' FRONTLINE "League Of Denial: The NFL's Concussion Crisis" session at the Television Critics Association Summer Press Tour in Los Angeles, Calif. on Tues., August 6, 2013, ESPN . JEANNE MARIE LASKAS, GQ, "Game Brain": And Ira Casson was asked repeatedly, "Is there any link between trauma, head trauma, and the kind of dementia we're seeing in these players?" NARRATOR: The NFL retirement board had no choice. There must be really important variables, genetics, things about the type of exposure to brain trauma people get. Two ESPN reporters co-wrote the film and a book%2C examining the NFL%27s past handling of concussions. They're looking into the long-term impact. He was annoyed. NEWSCASTER: Terry Long killed himself by drinking anti-freeze. The program averages approximately 1.5 . legal Janice Flood . There's nobody in America who doesn't know what that means. Now he had heard firsthand how serious some respected scientists thought the issue was. He was the right person to do it. NARRATOR: It was the first hard evidence that playing football could cause permanent brain damage. It's still wild and woolly, and I love 'em that way! You have to sacrifice years down the line. The NFL's own retirement board linked playing football and dementia. We're talking in the year 2013. But the other piece of it is that the NFL wants to come off as being very forward-looking. NARRATOR: In 1994, during the NFC championship, Aikman took a knee to the head. ANNOUNCER: And the Pittsburgh Steelers become the first franchise in history to win six Super Bowls! I didn't want to admit it to myself, either. ANNOUNCER: Franco Harris is now at the 30. It was a new understanding that, "Hey, you know, this might be bigger than we think.". We don't know that right now. There was great doubt. STEVE YOUNG, San Francisco 49ers, 1987-99: I remember thinking as I walked to the sidelines, "This is not good," you know? NEWSCASTER: Congress considers concussions in the NFL, NEWSCASTER: Congress is getting into the game. Stallworth touchdown! His claim for disability was filed with the National Football League's retirement board. He's he's up in the autopsy room." ", [www: Timeline: NFL's changing positions]. I'm, like, "Mike, that's not healthy." You watch a pro football game, and naturally, the biggest cheers are for the touchdowns, but the second biggest cheers are for a nasty hit. PETER KEATING: Dr. Ira Casson, who is an expert, but an abrasive person who is contemptuous of the arguments that concussion can cause damage. And I remember the technician telling me, he said, "What are you fixing this brain for? PAUL TAGLIABUE, NFL Commissioner: [Sports panel discussion, December 1994] Concussions I think is, you know, one of these pack journalism issues, frankly. APA Activity 2: Citing Practice Create a reference page by citing the following sources in correct APA format. Watch Frontline: League Of Denial: The Nfl's Concussion Crisis (Trailer 1). But he literally slid it across the table in an envelope. NARRATOR: And Goodell offered Dr. McKee something she needed even more than money brains. And that just didn't make sense to anyone that's a scientist. Dr. ROBERT CANTU: You have a brain that's intact. Jon and Jo Ann Hagler on behalf of the Jon L. Hagler Foundation. NARRATOR: Nowinski's press conference was no match for the show the NFL was putting on across town. BOB FITZSIMMONS, Webster's Attorney: The thing that struck me the most was how intelligent Mike was, and the problem was that he just couldn't continue those thought patterns for longer than a 30-second period, or a minute or two minutes. NARRATOR: By the mid-90s, the concussion crisis had made its way to NFL headquarters on Park Avenue in New York City. And it's impacting the way the brain is working, and ultimately, erupting in issues around memory, agitation, anger. NARRATOR: Webster's death certificate made Omalu suspect he may have suffered from a brain disorder. MARK FAINARU-WADA, FRONTLINE/ESPN: The tau is effectively closing in around the brain cells and choking them. NARRATOR: Some researchers say Dr. McKee has examined only a limited sample of players and too few brains to justify her conclusions. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. Ready with slow motion and isolated. But then, uncharacteristically, trouble. Dr. ANN McKEE: I had an 18-year-old at that time. The number is relatively small. It's a big deal. ANNOUNCER: Speaking of color commentators. Answered over 90d ago. I thought that she presented herself, as I recall it's been several years that there was something something in her manner. STEVE FAINARU: Omalu is a junior pathologist in the Allegheny County coroner's office, but the people he published with were one of the leading Alzheimer's disease experts in the country, one of the leading neuropathologists in the country, and one of the most well-known coroners in the country. It was happening to every player in every collision sport. FRONTLINE Executive Producer Raney Aronson-Rath sits down with series filmmakers for probing conversations about the investigative journalism that drives each FRONTLINE documentary and the stories that shape our time. NARRATOR: Dr. Omalu had been looking for a chance to get back in the game in a big way. NARRATOR: It is the brain of a former football player. SYDNEY SEAU, Daughter: The past two years have been the roughest. Rep. MAXINE WATERS (D), California: We have heard from the NFL time and time again. The ruling by a U.S. judge ends a legal battle that has threatened to undercut the nation's adoration for professional football and sparked a debate about whether the sport on any level is worth the risk to players. STEVE FAINARU: There's almost a Darwinian quality about the NFL. CORRESPONDENT: Ira Casson leads a team of NFL doctors who did a study of several hundred active players and reported that the concern over head injuries is overblown. . NARRATOR: Dr. Casson declined to be interviewed by FRONTLINE. And she says, "Absolutely." MARK FAINARU-WADA: He like Webster, his life had sort of fallen apart in a lot of ways. The National Football League, a multibillion-dollar commercial juggernaut, presides over America's . ALAN SCHWARZ, The New York Times: The cover says, "What is a concussion," question mark. STEVE FAINARU: You've got a half dozen prominent researchers immediately began to mobilize to try to get their hands on this brain tissue. He'd say it was like David and Goliath, over and over, because it was. Reporter James Edwards seeks answers to these questions, reflecting on his own familys experiences along the way. What the trial would have done was bring out that evidence. NARRATOR: Dr. McKee had examined thousands of brains, but the location of the damage from CTE was different. STEVE YOUNG, San Francisco 49ers, 1987-99: And I describe it as the moment of impact, the moment when you actually have to go tackle somebody, it's really a game of will. February 24, 2023 . Funding for FRONTLINE is provided through the support of PBS viewers and by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. NARRATOR: The study went to the heart of the prevalence question. MARK FAINARU-WADA: And that raises all sorts of questions for guys who are playing in the league, guys who played in the league, moms, kids, all of us who love football. Steve Fainaru & Mark Fainaru-Wada. It terrified me to see how tender the bond was between sentient consciousness and potential dementia and confusion was. You're just trying to get by in this storm. And what I like is he wants to get up off the ground. NARRATOR: And according to Dr. McKee, there was something else, something familiar about the way the NFL committee was acting. He's just in every play. : Those that have been conducting the autopsies are working with what they have to work with. But the details of how they went about it, that's what's going to stay locked away. PBS will premiere a Frontline documentary%2C League of Denial%2C on Tuesday night. Hell, I don't know what I'm saying. ANNOUNCER: Let's give him a big round of applause! . 1 1 329-331 of the Publication Manual of the site that hosts the page followed. COLIN WEBSTER, Son: He would forget, you know, which way the grocery store was, which way it was to go home. ROBERT STERN, Ph.D., Neuropsychologist, BU CTE Center: Not everyone who hits their head gets this disease. Michael Kirk So he pulls out this stun gun and goes "Bzz, bzz." Dr. Bennet Omalu was studying the microscopic samples. ANNOUNCER . NARRATOR: Almost right away, Nowinski secured a portion of the brain of a 45-year-old former Tampa Bay Buccaneer, Tom McHale. In the meantime, we have to do everything we can to advance the game and make sure it's safe. APA style requires two elements for citing outside sources: Reference Citations in Text and a Reference List. MICHAEL ORIARD, Center, Kansas City Chiefs, 1970-73: The way the game is played, I don't see how you can eliminate all of those routine hits that linemen make every play. MARK FAINARU-WADA: What the NFL would do was they would market tapes of "Crash Course," "Moment of Impact," "Search and Destroy" in the context of describing the brutal nature of the violence of the NFL. I saw changes that shouldn't be in a 50-year-old man's brains, and also changes that shouldn't be in a brain that looked normal. STEVE FAINARU: Here's a guy who's spent more than half of his life in the NFL, and more than anyone should be acutely aware of the sort of dangers that are lurking in this problem. BENNET OMALU, M.D., Medical Examiner: I put the slides in and looked. of Pittsburgh Medical Ctr. I really worry for my running back brothers. Mark broke the Barry Bonds steroids story. NEWSCASTER: From now on, teams should consider a concussion a game-ending injury. STEVE FAINARU: You have the commissioner of the NFL who's being hauled before Congress to answer why his own research arm has been denying since 1994 that football causes brain damage, when everybody from The New York Times to former NFL players, to the respected research scientists are saying, in fact, the opposite is true. longan tree california STEVE FAINARU, FRONTLINE/ESPN: They call him, like, the designated brain chaser, like that's his job, to go out and get the brains. ANNOUNCER: You see it right here. I mean, your money's gone. Refer to the guidelines for writing an effective summary presented in the Lecture 2 as a guide. Dr. ANN McKEE: I think it's going to be a shockingly high percentage. Michael Kirk & Mike Wiser NARRATOR: But away from the cameras, the two sides were engaged in tense court-ordered negotiations. I'm not saying I was different than that. FRONTLINE is a registered trademark of WGBH Educational Foundation. ANNOUNCER: Down he goes! DOCUMENT: "that there is inadequate clinical evidence that the subject had a chronic neurological condition". I mean, you know, that would be extraordinary with any other disease, to be able to pull in that many cases just that were suspected. How to cite "League of denial" by Fainaru-Wada and Fainaru APA citation. A high school senior, a straight-A student, he'd played multiple sports. Michael Kirk. MARK FAINARU-WADA: You've got the most popular sport in America basically on notice. December 15, He was just 50 years old. Nobody knows that at this point in time. Bailes delivered Omalu's message: Playing football could cause permanent brain damage. MIKE ORIARD: The sense of football as something powerful and elemental and mythic and epic. DONNIE DAWKINS: We're going to dominate this thing! Rep. JOHN CONYERS: I just asked you a simple question. Ann McKee she cannot tell me where it's starting. HARRY CARSON: You know, most people are keyed in on the big hit. Dr. BENNET OMALU: If you read, Pellman made statements like what I practice is not medicine, it's not science. August 22, Aaron Hernandez Found To Have Had "Severe" Case of CTE, NFL Acknowledges a Link Between Football, CTE, What the NFL's New Concussion Numbers Don't Answer. And how common is this? Annoyed. LEIGH STEINBERG: For a minute, I thought he was joking. Season 2013: Episode 2. Closeclose, Feedback, questions, or accessibility issues: libraries@wisc.edu, (Agricultural & Life Sciences, Engineering), Find articles in journals, magazines, newspapers, and more, Locate databases by title and description, Discover digital collections, images, sound recordings, and more, Find information on spaces, staff, services, and more, Archives and Special Collections Requests. LEGAL AIDE: OK, representing the National Football League will be Paul Clement. He's a rheumatologist. When he arrives at the medical examiner's office, he's telling people that he has the verbal consent from Tyler Seau to harvest the brain. what is a voter acknowledgement card nj. PETER KEATING, Reporter, ESPN: It sure looks like it was just a relentless and endless delaying action. If they got knocked out and went back into the same contest, it didn't matter. But the issue will be hard to ignore. SCL 6_APA in text citation_references quiz_AK .docx. We're not going to help you.". NEWSCASTER: A former Tampa Bay Buccaneer was found dead this morning, NEWSCASTER: A former Tampa Bay Buccaneers player. Dr. ANN McKEE: I was called by Ira Casson. JULIAN BAILES, M.D., Team Neurosurgeon, Steelers, 1988-97: For the most part, people didn't want to believe it's true. All those parameters are removed. ANNOUNCER: They're number one in the nation. NARRATOR: The glory and the violence of football was beamed into tens of millions of American living rooms during primetime. New York published from McGraw Hill Companies.Snickers commercial https://youtu.be/2rF . STEVE FAINARU: Just as they're finishing up the autopsy, the chaplain comes walking into the room and he says, literally, "Houston, we have a problem." They were in the middle of a major damage control operation. There were no long-term psychological problems or cognitive problems in these athletes, in essence, saying it wasn't a problem. But one person was missing. You know, these all look like they could be frontal temporal dementia." These are the sources and citations used to . NARRATOR: But that day, there were few reporters listening. Dr. Pellman is not a neurosurgeon. NARRATOR: NFL commissioner Paul Tagliabue orchestrated the league's response. BOB FITZSIMMONS: The NFL acknowledges that repetitive trauma to the head in football, football can cause a permanent disabling injury to the brain. Is he from outer space? Find databases subscribed to by UW-Madison Libraries, searchable by title and description. Game time! STEVE FAINARU: Very, very quickly, she got serious pushback from Ira Casson and the rest of the committee. Be sure to include an APA-style reference for each article. We just have to be careful not to say that this causes that and be able to connect those dots without having more prospective analysis. If the business is potentially lethal, then that's going to have major implications for the game. And we take those issues very seriously. NARRATOR: Attorney Bob Fitzsimmons drew up a disability claim against the NFL. And for a couple months at a time, I wouldn't hear from him at all. September 30, MARK FAINARU-WADA: Roger Goodell's on notice. I'm sure he would. In a midtown Manhattan restaurant, an internal NFL research document was leaked to a reporter. NARRATOR: Indianapolis Colt team physician Dr. Henry Feuer was one of the NFL doctors the meeting. They don't have they don't look at they haven't done this work. It looks like in the heart. ANNOUNCER: He gets it away quickly and finds the tight end over the middle, and it's Heath Miller! LEIGH STEINBERG: The actual logo of Monday Night Football showed helmets hitting together. Snickers commercial PBS Frontline special League of Denial . That's the equivalent of driving a car at 35 miles per hour into a brick wall 1,000 to 1,500 times per year. NARRATOR: Omalu started at the feet and worked his way up. Look out! Boston :WGBH Educational Foundation : Distributed by PBS Video, 2001. And then, all of a sudden, I wouldn't hear from him. So yes, I think that was probably what was driving the suggestion that "Let's have NIH get involved.". PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. NARRATOR: He sat atop a multi-billion-dollar empire that he was determined to protect. You know that that brain is supposed to be pristine. NARRATOR: As the news broke, the question emerged did CTE play a part in Junior Seau's death? GINA SEAU, Ex-Wife: We didn't know why he was detached or forgetting, or why he would bark at us for nothing or we didn't know. Why would you fight that? You know, here we were in the midst of everything and this potentially giant story was being told, and virtually no one was there. But he doesn't know anything about football. NARRATOR: Besides Mike Webster and Terry Long, Omalu also found CTE in the brains of Andre Waters and Justin Strzelczyk. STEVE FAINARU: About 200 people are gathered there, and running the show is Ira Casson. Unfortunately, it cost us everything. The Super Bowl is a spectacle. We don't know. Simpson gets the call. And you know, that's the way it is. Is this something that everybody will get if they have enough brain trauma? NARRATOR: Nowinski made the hard calls, asking families to donate the brain of a deceased loved one. ANNOUNCER: You love 'em wild and woolly and you're seeing it now! MARK FAINARU-WADA, FRONTLINE/ESPN: Dr. Westbrook concurs with everything that the four other doctors have found and agrees that absolutely, there's no question that Mike Webster's injuries are football-related and that he appears to be have significant cognitive issues, brain damage, as a result of having played football. NARRATOR: In September of 2006, Commissioner Paul Tagliabue stepped down. Jon and Jo Ann Hagler on behalf of the Jon L. Hagler Foundation. NARRATOR: They even questioned whether Mike Webster was suffering from neurological problems. It's pretty scary. NARRATOR: Dr. Omalu believed he saw physical evidence of the long-term damage playing football could have on the brain. MARK FAINARU-WADA: I think the NFL has done an incredible job at marketing itself and turning itself into a spectacle, a sort of cultural part of our lives. Subscribe on YouTube: http://bit.ly/1BycsJWThe National Football League presides over Ameri. PBS Frontline Special League of Denial Answer: Kirk, M., Gilmore, J., Wiser, M. (2013, October 8). And Omalu's response was, "Who's Mike Webster? New: 87 Deceased NFL Players Test Positive for Brain Disease, Study of Former NFL Players Shows Risks for Brain from Youth Football, NFL Concussion Settlement Wins Final Approval from Judge, Top NFL Rookie to Retire, Citing Concussion Risk, Questions Over Brain Disease Again Stymie NFL Concussion Settlement. Find journal titles available online and in print. Bennet Omalu - Medical Examiner: Bennett, do you know the implications of what you're doing? Do you now acknowledge that there is a link between the game and these concussions that people have been getting, some of these brain injuries? They're now denying their own study. DIRECTED BY. Let's be clear. MARK FAINARU-WADA: We went to New York to meet with them and say, "Look, this is what we're doing. NFL sensation Chris Borland was known as a fearless player, but after just one season he retired because he was afraid of head injuries. NARRATOR: Back in New York, with the pressure mounting, the commissioner decided to make some dramatic changes. I remember late at night looking at the brain and thinking, "Just going to knock this one off." He'll be flanked by Anastasia Danias she's from the National Football League and also Beth Wilkinson from Paul Weiss. NARRATOR: The league would not have to answer those tough questions about what they knew and when they knew it. I have to stun him, get my hands on him, throw him off when I see where the ball is going. I mean, I think Dad's the only person who could actually, you know, have a medical problem like that and decide to fix it with superglue. NARRATOR: Pellman's committee began writing a series of scientific papers, and in 2003, got the first of them published in the medical journal Neurosurgery. Dr. ANN McKEE: I was fully prepared to see nothing. Addiction Neuroscience [Video segment of Addiction]. I am fighting it. NARRATOR: Webster's Sunday afternoons were spent on the line of scrimmage, brutal territory known as "the pit.". NARRATOR: For Dr. McKee and others, it raised the obvious question. They will squash you. And then he'd lift his shoulders. STAN SAVRAN: People liked the violence of it. If I had not been told his age, I would say he looked like 70. , Aikman took a knee to the NFL knew and when they knew and when they knew and when knew. Cte Center: not everyone who hits their head gets this disease all look like they could be temporal. From a brain disorder would have done was bring out that evidence were spent on the line of scrimmage brutal... 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