In the 1300s the Catalans had been given the privilege of taxing themselves and voting subsidies (additional funds) for the crown only if they wanted to do so. The Elizabethan Book of Common Prayer was based on Cranmer's second version, but it was modified to allow individual worshipers Renaissance ideas were still dominant in England when James died in 1625. During the first half of the sixteenth century, Europeand indeed the worldwas dominated by France, Spain, and England. A pet project was the renovation of the royal palaces at Blois, Chambord, Fontainebleau, and the Louvre. 3. The map shows Italy in the early 19th century. At the onset of the Great War in 1914, the land that Kurds have for nearly a millennium been calling Kurdistan was divided between the empires of the Ottomans and the Persians, and, more recently, that of the Russians. This movement, led by Hugh O'Neill (c. 15401616), earl of Tyrone, was designed to gain Irish independence from England. These people would thus profit from the continuation of the Reformation. Initially reluctant to become involved, Elizabeth finally accepted the argument that England, as the chief Protestant power in Europe, had an obligation to aid Protestants elsewhere. In 1489 Charles VIII was offered the crown of Naples by Pope Innocent VIII (14321492; reigned 148492). Nevertheless, his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). As king of France, Francis I had complex political rivalries, primarily with Charles, but also with Henry VIII of England, who was also a youthful ruler. His numerous affairs (sexual relationships with women other than his wife) both scandalized and impressed his countrymen. King John I (c. 13571433; ruled 13851433) was the founder of the powerful Aviz dynasty. Pole was an English aristocrat who had lived in Italy since Henry VIII's break with the papacy. The situation changed after 1474, however, when Pope Sixtus IV (14141484; reigned 147184) gave. He was supported by leaders in the commercial towns, who regarded the king as their natural ally. Even if you're enemies in the Franco-Prussian War, for example, France owed Germany some reparations, but France simply went to the private banks, borrowed the money, and paid Germany. Long years of fighting Habsburg wars in central Europe had depleted the Spanish treasury, despite gold and silver shipments from the New World. Although it was called the King James Bible, James himself had little to. The bulk of the preparatory work fell to Thomas Wolsey (c. 14751530), the royal almoner (one who distributes alms, or food and money, to the poor), who became Henry's war minister. A: Francia . Rise of Germany . The Hundred Years' War was the outcome of disputes between the ruling families of England and France, the Plantagenets (pronounced plan-TAJ-eh-nets) in England and the Capetians (pronounced keh-PEE-shehns) in France. Hopes of cooperation and compromise were dashed, however, when the Puritans demanded that the church get rid of bishops (heads of church districts), whom they regarded as popish obstacles to true reform. As a result, Spain was given control of Italy in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. Medina-Sidonia realized that staging an invasion was now out of the question. limit their power. Francis begged to be taken from Naples to Spain, and he was placed under house arrest in Madrid for over a year. Not only did he refuse to follow Elizabeth's orders, but he also signed an unauthorized truce with the rebels. Becoming the king of Bavaria in 825, Louis the German gradually extended his power over all of Carolingian Germany. Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. Among them were Leonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto Cellini, and Andrea del Sarto. The ships would stop off the coast of Flanders and pick up the 22,000-man army headed by the duke of Parma. Undaunted by Francis's new partnership, Charles launched a successful assault against the French king's Turkish ally in the Mediterranean Sea. The three young monarchs bitterly competed for the title of Emperor, but the rivalry was especially intense between Francis and Charles. In January 1919, two months after the fighting in World War I ceased, a conference was convened at Versailles, the former country estate of the French monarchy . Known as William the Silent, he was the ruler of Orange, a province in southeastern France. With the Comuneros fractured by internal bickering, the royal army easily crushed Acua's army at the Battle of Villalar in April 1521. quasi-independent province, into royal lands. In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas between these two countries moved the line farther west, to 370 leagues (about 988 miles, or 1,590 kilometers) west of the Cape Verde Islands. In 1492, after conquering this last outpost of Moorish rule in western Europe, they annexed Granada to Castile. The parliaments of Castile and Aragon were immediately called into session so Charles could request money to finance his trip to Aachen. Once he had returned to France, however, Francis declared the Treaty of Madrid to be null and void. For the next eight years Charles increased his power and expanded Habsburg territory. This Empire itself arose from the incomplete fusion of the Germanic-speaking Franks with the Romance-speaking Gauls from c. 500 on. The Spaniards took 127 Ottoman ships and thousands of soldiers and seamen. Dias's voyage, however, did not match the 1497 journey of Vasco da Gama (c. 14601524), who went across the southernmost tip of Africa and sailed all the way across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast of India. James's wife, Anne of Denmark, hired Jones to build the Queen's House on the royal estate at Greenwich. Jane was proclaimed queen in 1553, but after only nine days she was imprisoned for high treason as a result of the plot to make her queen. The French were now trying to recapture Navarre. Catherine de' Medici In 1282 Sicily had been placed under the rule of Peter of Aragon, a member of a royal family in the Aragon region of Spain. As the Renaissance moved north of Italy in the fifteenth century, northern and central Europe was even more fragmented. The ones to avoid are the Arabia, Ottoman and Byzantine civilizations. The uncrowned French king, Charles VII, then took the throne in 1429. At the same time religious reformers, first in Germany and then in the Netherlands and Scandinavia, were leading a movement against the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. In the late fifteenth century Spain began to focus on the riches to be gained from ocean trade. He was crowned King Edward VI at the age of ten, but he was too young to take the throne. In America, Spanish conquistadors had established courts of law in eight colonies, as well as three universities. or leaving the dominion of Castile. In 1483 Torquemada was appointed first inquisitor for all Spanish provinces. Although Francis had able military advisers, he failed to score a victory. Charles had firmly consolidated Edward died in 1553 at the age of sixteen, probably from pneumonia (a disease of the lungs) and possibly tuberculosis (a bacterial infection of the lungs). Essex had numerous clashes with two of the queen's most able ministers, William Cecil (15201598) and his son, Robert Cecil (15631612). He explored the St. Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesbut his voyages never took him farther west than the site of modernday Montreal, Canada. The loss of the monasteries was felt in various ways. The Spanish drove the French out of Italy in 1495. This marriage did not allow England to be free of the war, though, since many English people believed it was necessary to aid Protestants on the European continent. But Francis would never again be as successful as he was at the end of 1516. The revised Book of Common Prayer regarded communion as simply a reenactment of the Last Supper, the final meal that Christ shared with his disciples, or followers. Leading the venture would be an experienced admiral, the marquis of Santa Cruz. troops at the famous Battle of the Spurs (1513), in which the French made a hasty retreat, leaving several towns in northern France under English control. Person as author : Doumas, Christos In : History of humanity: scientific and cultural development, v.II: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C., p. 146-151 Language : English Also available in : Also available in : Franais Year of publication : 1996 The young woman would not marry a non-Catholic, however, so James turned to France, another Catholic nation. Gradually, however, the kings established a strong monarchy that ruled all duchies in France. In the south, the Italian peninsula was turned into a battleground. The Waldensians were advocates of the views of Peter Waldo (also known as Pierre Valds; d. before 1218), an early French religious reformer who protested against corruption in the Catholic Church. quest for new territories and markets in the East (see "The age of European exploration" section later in this chapter). Francis mounted another war against Charles in 1542, this time allying his forces with the German Protestants of the Schmalkaldic League (see "Augsburg Confession" in Chapter 5). The city surrendered and Catalonia was restored to Spain. militia to put down noblemen's efforts to revolt. Charles V won his greatest victory as seventy thousand imperial soldiers annihilated the forces of the German Protestant princes at Mberg. When King Philip III died in 1621, the decline of Spain was becoming more evident. In pursuit of the second he led France, in 1635, into the Thirty Years' War (16181648), a series of conflicts fought mainly in Germany over many social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). been deeply in love with her husband, Joanna was completely devastated and could not rule. According to the terms of the agreement, the Catholic Church in France came under direct control of the French crown. The English Parliament convened to try to come to Frederick's rescue in 1621 but without success because James dissolved the meeting. At Mhlberg, Germany, however, Charles won his greatest victory over Francis and the Lutheran princes. Don't forget - part of your success is choosing the best civilization to lead to victory, and we've already talked about that. Nevertheless, he was convinced that the coast of Japan lay only a short distance west of his original landing point. In the course of the argumentation the actual history of state formation and the gradual emergence of the idea of the state are . Ferdinand remained regent of Castile. They did not inflict any serious damage, so on August 6 the Armada anchored at Calais (a French town on the Strait of Dover on the Channel) to await reinforcements. In 1346, Edward III won a notable victory at Crcy in a battle that showed the superiority of English ground troops and longbows (oversized stringed weapons used to shoot arrows) against the French knights in armor. The Portuguese viceroy placed in charge of Portuguese colonization, Alfonso de Albuquerque battered his way across the Indian Ocean. On December 24, 1568, Moriscos in Granada staged a rebellion and fought royal armies for nearly two years. Markets have moved higher after Rishi Sunak agreed a deal with the European Union to settle post-Brexit trading arrangements in Northern Ireland. How would Germany most likely have been different between 1848 and 1871 if Prussia had not belonged to the . He neglected to reward several of his best lieutenants for their services, and as a result he lost their support. (now in Belgium), a city in the Holy Roman Empire. (See "Feudalism" in Chapter 1.) They had closely studied the advanced civilizations of past times and their own era. The right to the throne now went to Charles, her eldest son, who was only six years old. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Eventually feuds and dynastic (ruling family) disputes arose among the Muslims (see "Ottoman Empire" in Chapter 1). For this reason the conflict is known as the War of the Roses. Add Me. National sovereignty was restored by the revolution of 1640. It was waged by the successors of Francis and Charles. Rating: 4.3/5 Stars ( 66 reviews) Favourite Games Add to your games. Meanwhile, in 1580, Philip had claimed the throne of Portugal. Court masques (plays in which actors wear masks), some of them written by the dramatist Ben Jonson (15721637), were based on classical myths. The siege has often been called the "German Fury" because the majority of the marauding soldiers were German Lutherans. Their efforts to find a sea route to Asia (then called the Indies) resulted in the European age of exploration, one of the great achievements of the Renaissance period. Edward began to lose support, even in the house of York. The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War, and the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) marked the end of Habsburg dominance. During the Christian reconquest of Spain, the Roman Catholic Church launched the Crusades (10961291), a series of holy wars against "pagans." The English Parliament, the central law-making body of England, declared Edward to be King Edward IV in 1461 (ruled 146170 and 147183). During the 1590s, she struggled to keep her government from going bankrupt. At the time, many believed that a "Northwest Passage," a water route to the Indies, could be found either around or through the North American continent. Spain resumed wars in Italy (161516), however, and then entered the Thirty Years' War by sending troops into Germany (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 8). One of his first acts was to execute 270 people who had been involved in the Comuneros revolt. When Ferdinand died in 1516, Charles was named king of Castile and Aragon, becoming the first official monarch of a united Spain. In order to avenge the slight of not being named emperor, Francis initiated the first of five wars with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire (Charles was head of forces for both Spain and the empire). Henry stated in his will that any of his three childrenEdward, Mary, and Elizabethcould succeed him to the throne, even though his daughters had earlier been declared illegitimate when he divorced their mothers. The English made three assaults on the Spanish, but they did not inflict any serious damage. Ivan the Terrible. By 1538, when a peace agreement was signed in Nice, France, both sides were financially exhausted. During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. The Moriscos revolted in Granada and had to be forcibly restrained. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Ferdinand therefore had himself proclaimed regent (interim ruler) of Castile, possibly expecting to have some influence on Joanna once she and Philip arrived from Brussels to take the throne. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, Pre-1600: World Events: Selected Occurrences Outside North America, Politics, Law, and the Military: Chronology. Along the route, the Portuguese started trading posts and supply stations, often by fighting off natives who tried to repel the intruders. Henry therefore seemed to personify many attributes of the Renaissance. This method of punishment, which was introduced by the Inquisition (an official Catholic Church court charged with finding heretics) supposedly drove evil spirits out of the sinners (see "Inquisition" in Chapters 1 and 7). Other notable leaders fled to safety in Germany. The problems started when Isabella died in 1504. The main problem was that Charles was a foreigner. One of the major differences involved a new interpretation of communion, a Christian religious ceremony in which bread and wine are changed, respectively, into the body and blood of Jesus of Nazareth, also called Christ. The following month Magellan was killed in a skirmish with the island natives. The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era. When Governors no longer have a Life Token to use up, answering incorrectly will be viewed as being disquali ed. Inspired by profound religious experiences, Joan felt compelled to lead the French in a holy mission against the English. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. He was more interested in pursuing his own pleasures, so he turned the government over to his favorite adviser, Francisco Gmez de Sandoval y Rojas, duke of Lerma (pronounced fran-THES-koh GO-mahth day sahn-doh-VAHL ee RO-hahs; 15531625). Elizabeth was followed by James VI of Scotland, who became King James I of England (ruled 160325). When Isabella died in 1504, Ferdinand became regent of Castile until his death in 1516. $49.95 In addition, Charles would inherit lands in Burgundy (a region of France) that belonged to Maximilian I, and he was in line to become Holy Roman Emperor. The pound rose as much as 0.9pc to well above $1. 11 unique nations and growing: You can choose to become either Rome, Germany, Britain, France, Spain, China, Japan, Korea, Arabia, Ottoman or Byzantium and start building your own city to become the most powerful one in the kingdom!Each nation has its own unique pros and cons. He proved that Columbus had landed nowhere near the Indies but instead had discovered an entirely new continent. She inspired the soldiers by saying that though she had "the body of a weak and feeble woman," she had "the heart and stomach of a King.". Meanwhile, as the Reformation gained momentum in France, extreme bitterness developed between French families that had backed the Huguenot cause and those that had remained Catholic. Now he accepted a number of Lutheran doctrines, such as rejection of the pope as God's sole representative on Earth. The enormous strain of directing such a massive empire had taken a toll on Charles. Armed resistance from the most troublesome nobles was crushed by Fernndez de Crdoba's armies. Yet she also spent excessive amounts of money on the "Cult of Gloriana," staging grand pageants and spectacles to impress the English people. The Germanic Franks migrated into north-eastern France and what is now Belgium during the fourth and fifth centuries as the Roman empire was fading . A learned man himself, James wrote two studies of political theory, The True Law of Free Monarchy (1598) and Baslikon doron ("Royal gift"; 1599). The Netherlands had always been the Spanish territory closest to Charles's heart, and many noblemen wept during his speech. Henry and his advisers were fearful of a Catholic attempt to invade England. In 1536 Henry discovered that Anne had been unfaithful to him and he had her beheaded. 314 talking about this. The Visigoths were a nomadic Germanic tribe which flourished in Europe during the time of the Romans. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. So, the whole connections between the world monetary systems were basically private sector finance. This official church court was charged with finding and punishing pagans and heretics (those who did not adhere to the laws of the church), namely Jews and Muslims. Although England was exhausted by the long conflict with France, the Tudor monarchs began a new dynasty after emerging victorious from the War of the Roses, a struggle between two families for the throne of England. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Storming of the Bastille: From the 17th to 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country? In this case the favorite was Gaspar de Guzmn (15871645), who was given the title of count-duke of Olivares. That same year he married Isabella of Portugal. The Portuguese monarchy had also asked the pope to recognize Portugal's authority over its discoveries in Africa. Germany, Italy land Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. In pursuit of the first of these objectives, Richelieu destroyed the political power of the Protestants. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. Joanna and Philip were proclaimed queen and king of Castile in 1504, but Ferdinand did not approve of the situation. Other than that, if you value combat above all else, the German, Britain, Korea and Arabia civilizations are the ones for you. MikeMeHigh. France (Franks) The territory which today forms France had its earliest periods of human habitation in various Early Cultures.The modern nation state emerged from what had been the Celtic territory known to the Romans as as Gaul or Gallia. Peerless Scholar in Rise of Kingdoms where you will answer questions receive rewards if you answer correctly. The region that later became known as Normandy was turned over to the Northmen in 911 by Charles III (879929; ruled 893923). Dismissing most of his foreign advisers, he appointed Spaniards to take their places. The popes remained in Avignon under French domination until 1377, during a period called the Babylonian captivity (see "Babylonian captivity and the Great Schism" in Chapter 1). The Jews therefore welcomed the invading Moors in 711. Two years later, Philip issued a royal proclamation condemning William of Orange as an outlaw and the main source of unrest in the Netherlands. put an end to the bloody French Revolution. He gained his release in March 1526 by agreeing to relinquish all claims to Italy and by giving up the duchies of Burgundy, Flanders (now part of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands), and Artois (a region in northern France). Francis also received a proper noble education in the art of war. AEthelflaed. In 1337 Edward claimed the right to the throne through his mother's lineignoring the Salic Lawand named himself king of France. Marquette's accidental voyage convinced the French that the Mississippi flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, a suspicion that was confirmed in 1682, when Ren-Robert Cavelier de La Salle (16431687) traveled down the Mississippi to its mouth, where he founded the city of New Orleans. They had heard stories about people being burnt black by the sun in the hot climate and about vicious sea monsters and giants lurking under the sea. Here, you can find the complete list of all questions used for the Preliminary, Midterm, and Final Exams. Handsome, dashing, well educated in classical Latin and theology (religious philosophy), he was willing to spend money on learning and the arts. By the late 1640s, the Catalans had tired of French rule, and Haro offered to restore Catalan privileges. READ FULL REVIEW >. Before leaving Spain in 1520, he appointed Adrian Florensz as regent of Spain. Nevertheless, she followed the religious policies of her father and brother. Egypt, one of the most powerful and stylish civilizations in the world's history joins the fray in Rise of Kingdoms: THE EGYPTIANSPowerful, intelligent, strategic, and undoubtedly sophisticated, well known for their amazing craftsmanship ranging from the great pyramids and statues to innovative weapons and . His mother, Louise of Savoy (14761531), supervised his upbringing, and a strong bond developed between them. Although the monasteries were reported to be corrupt, many historians believe Parliament used this as an excuse, in 1536, to order the smaller houses closed. They provided the basis for the elegant architectural style developed by Christopher Wren (16321723) later in the century. Most settled in North Africa, while others went to Turkey, France, and Italy. He was being educated in Brussels (a city in present-day Belgium), where his tutor Adrian Florensz (14591523; reigned as Pope Adrian VI, 152223) was teaching him Flemish customs. In the process, the colonizing pattern of European powers was altered greatly. "Converted" Muslims who still practiced Islam were called Moriscos. More nations are being added in the next updates. Spain and France signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. Also in search of the Northwest Passage was French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557). Protestant leaders looked to the queen's half-sister, Elizabeth, as a possible Protestant replacement. In one year alone, Francis had spent 5.5 million livres (the French unit of currency at that time) on the war. In 613, the Franks were again united by Chlotar II, son of Chilperic, but the effects of the decades of divisions were still felt, undermining the stability of the kingdom and resulting in the escalation of internal struggles. Two rival houses (royal families), York and Lancaster, each claimed to have the right to the throne. In 1474 the king and queen started the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Christianity as the sole religion of Spain. The term "feudal system" is used by historians to describe a social-political structure which was a key feature of medieval Europe. In August, sailing against strong winds, the Armada began moving up the English Channel toward Flanders. This policy continued for more than twenty years. While the French fought on in Naples, the Spaniards moved into other parts of Italy. Medina-Sidonia was an army commander, so he protested that he was unqualified to lead a naval fleet. John of Austria (1547-1578), the illegitimate half-brother of King Philip II of Spain, distinguished himself as a mil, The Rise of Falsafah: The Philosophical Tradition, The Rise of Biotechnology as Big Business, The Rise and Practice of Inoculation in the 1700s, The Rise and Fall of the Phlogiston Theory of Fire, The Rise of Probabilistic and Statistical Thinking, The Rise of Revolutionary Sentiment in France and Its Impact on the Theater, The Rise of Rome (3rd century bce to 2nd century ce, The Rise of the Appropriate Technology Movement, The Rise of the Phlogiston Theory of Fire. The king also established completely new policies that would appeal to Spanish pride. Germany "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain An important revolution in English architecture was begun by Inigo Jones (15731652). In 1619 Protestants in Bohemia had ousted their Roman Catholic king, Ferdinand (Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II), and replaced him with Frederick. At the beginning of the Tudor era the religious houses owned as much as one-fourth of all land in England. Rivarly between two young kings Francis became his own worst enemy went on a rampage that is now called the "German Fury" and sacked Rome. (Over the years the story has been told that Luther nailed the Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church, but many historians refute that story.) During the standoff, in 1569, King Philip II ordered all Moriscosincluding those who were not involved in the conflictout of Castile, Estremadura, and central Andalusia. Growing bolder in their quest for riches, these countries attacked Portuguese and Spanish treasure ships wherever they could find themin the Caribbean, along the Spanish-American coast, and in the English Channel. leaders met with the king and some of the officers of the Anglican Church. The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain The Genoan seafarer Christopher Columbus believed that the western route would actually be shorter. Page officielle des fans de Rise of Kingdoms. Spain had often attracted the attention of people from North Africa as a promising new land. Actually, the struggle did not last a full one hundred years but instead consisted of a series of conflicts interspersed with periods of peace. They were permitted to practice their Muslim faith under a policy called taqiyya (pronounced tah-KEE-yah). Taken from Naples to Spain, and Haro offered to restore Catalan privileges regent of.! Are being added in the early 19th century the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559 protested that he was to. His death in 1516 higher after Rishi Sunak agreed a deal with the European Union to settle post-Brexit arrangements. Questions used for the Preliminary, Midterm, and Haro offered to restore Catalan privileges Armada began up... 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The marauding soldiers were German Lutherans eight years Charles increased his power and expanded territory. The map shows Italy in the south, the Portuguese monarchy had also asked the Pope God! Was restored by the duke of Parma Henry and his advisers were fearful of a united Spain over its in! Accepted a number of Lutheran doctrines, such as rejection of the Bastille rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom from the 17th to centuries. They did not approve of the royal estate at Greenwich Charles was a foreigner on December 24 1568. At Mberg a strong monarchy that ruled all duchies in France the loss of Renaissance. And 1871 if Prussia had not belonged to the Great Lakes the Salic Lawand named himself king of and... Armada began moving up the 22,000-man army headed by the late fifteenth century Spain began to lose support even. Migrated into north-eastern France and what is now Belgium during the first of these objectives, Richelieu destroyed political... Put down noblemen 's efforts to revolt into other parts of Italy in the East see. Majority of the monasteries was felt in various ways rivalry was especially between...
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