european patent term calculator

Regional application is not withdrawn or lapsed in all designated jurisdictions. Filed after 1992/12/31 and were granted 15 years earlier than 2001/12/11 have 20 years term. Information on the entire costs of a European patent Online fee calculator for European patents Calculate European patent costs | Patent costs Europe. | PAST RESULTS DO NOT GUARANTEE A SIMILAR OUTCOME. Technical update to eliminate a macro overlap problem for some power users of Microsoft Excel and clarifies some instructions. LU Luxembourg Copyright 2023 Gerben Perrott PLLC. In the European Economic Area (European Union member countries, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway), a supplementary protection certificate (SPC) is a sui generis intellectual property (IP) right that extends the duration of certain rights associated with a patent.It enters into force after expiry of a patent upon which it is based. It calculates only the basic statutory term and does not make any determination about the validity of a patent. Please choose a date to see the deadline. IS Iceland You should seek legal consel before undertaking actions that may be covered by an issued U.S. Patent. MT Malta Design patents currently have a fifteen-year term (lasting 15 years) calculated from the date the design patent was granted. Know more about the calculation of legal status?We are always looking to improve our methodology to provide the most accurate data possible. More specifically, while the current term is fifteen years, design patents granted on applications filed on or before May 13, 2015, are given a fourteen-year term. For patents regarding pharmaceuticals, food products, medical devices, or procedures, for which a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval is required, the term of these patents is usually extended to compensate for the delayed processing time. Fees may be paid by anybody. 156 is for time spent conducting pre-market regulatory review at Food and Drug Administration or United States Department of Agriculture for a product claimed in patents. Disclaimer. Natural Term Date (shared through SPC information). Patent cost calculator lists patent filing cost for more than 90 countries. FI Finland It was developed based on assumptions that may or may not apply in a particular case. Following prominent patent jurisdictions are included in our patent cost calculator: USA is one of the most prominent countries in which foreign and native patent are filed. Other jurisdictions Term date is 20 years from the earliest filing date for all other jurisdictions. The default is zero, please confirm this is correct: Number of pages of drawings requiring translation: The 3-month validation deadline has already passed, please contact us to see how we can help to assist you. How to perform Public Search in IP India? CY Cyprus SI Slovenia Gerben Law Firm can assist with patent searches and patent applications. To calculate the expected official fees of a European patent application, please use our patent cost calculator. The calculator contains prompts to enter specific information . Prior to the change, U.S. patents have a term of 17 years from the grant date. If the granted date is after 1984/07/12, the term is 17 years from the grant date or 20 years from the earliest filing date, whichever is earliest. The commonly held view of how to calculate US patent expiry dates is as follows: For applications filed prior to, and still in force or pending on, 8 June 1995, the expiry date is the later of 17 years from the issue date, and 20 years from the filing date. File a trademark application and other documents online through TEAS. So that we may continually refine the language, structure, calculations, and examples to ensure that the explanations meet the needs of all users and the calculations capture all situations, please provide constructive comments regarding this patent term calculator to patentpractice@uspto.gov. BG Bulgaria Most notably, trademarks have a different process for renewals. Term date is 20 years from the earliest filing date for all other jurisdictions. At a late payment there is a 50% late fee. Enter the issue date (i.e., "Date of Patent"): Enter the number of days of patent term adjustment, if any: Notice: This calculator was developed based on assumptions that may or may not apply in a particular case. Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Earliest Application filing can be any one of the following non-provisional applications. [2] The actual date of filing can be up to a year after the earliest priority date. Overall, it is important to have an understanding of what type of patent application is submitted, the significance of the filing date, and knowledge of maintenance deadlines to ensure the continuation of patent rights. Using the EPO Cost Estimator is easy. Our filing offices are located in Munich, Berlin and The Hague. In Japan, the duration of a patent can be extended in circumstances where the invention was required to go through extensive regulatory approval before its use. To ensure that the new layout is displayed correctly by your browser(s), we recommend you clear your browser cache. Required fields are marked *. The maximum term of a European patent is 20 years from its filing date. a granted patent has expired, lapsed, or has been revoked. 35 U.S.C. The official language of United States Patent Office is English. DE Germany The calculations are unaltered from the prior version. If you have either a residence or a place of business within the territory of an EPC contracting state you are not obliged to be represented by a professional representative (European patent attorney). How the Patent Validation Cost Calculator/ EPO Cost Estimator can help you This tool retrieves all the necessary data from the relevant patent databases and automatically calculates the costs for filing a European patent application based on an International or PCT application. A patent application number search is similar to a patent number search except you are searching RS Serbia UP Unitary Patent [i] ES Spain MC Monaco A patent granted on a U.S. national stage application of an international application filed before 1995/06/08, has a term that is the greater of the twenty-year term or 17 years from the date of grant. Apple argues that Siva should be named a co-inventor of U.S. Patent No. Patent Applicant Vs Inventor added that he was "surprised" and "upset" when he learned Qualcomm had filed a patent application based on his input. . To estimate your cost for filing a patent in South East Asia please use our South East Asia Patent Cost Calculator. Renewal fees are due for UK patents from the 2nd anniversary of the patent filing date, and every year thereafter to maintain the application. 2022 ANS IP MANAGEMENT SERVICES. The fee year runs from 3 May to 2 May in each calendar year. Lens only provides a flag if the patents is subjected to terminal disclaimer. These observations must be filed in writing in English, French or German and must include a statement of the grounds on which they are based. 154 was amended to provide term extension if the original patent was delayed due to secrecy orders, interferences, or appellate review periods. A patent granted on a continuing application (Continuation, Divisional, or Continuation-in-part) that was filed on or after June 8, 1995, has a term ending 20 years from the filing date of earliest application for which a benefit is claimed, regardless of whether the application for which a benefit is claimed was filed prior to June 8, 1995. Similarly, a continuation or a continuation-in-part application claiming the benefit of such an international application has a term of 20 years from the filing date of the parent international application. How many of the drawing pages have words that require translation?The default is zero, please confirm this is correct: The patent has not yet been published or data from EPO is unavailable, please manually enter data below: AL Albania Further inventive concepts using the same specification may be divided out into new application (divisional) which keep the filing date of the original application (the parent application). NL Netherlands Please check if you wish to extend your European patent to the following countries after granting (there is an Extension fee for each country) Bosnia-Herzegovina . It is available free of charge from the EPO website. *Note: If this patent is a continuing application (e.g., continuation, continuation-in-part, divisional) you should enter the earliest non-provisional filing date in the family. You may also file by fax or online, using one of the EPO online filing tools.The EPO's postal addresses and fax numbers can be found on the Contact page.For further information on how to file a European patent application and on the European patent grant procedure, see The European Patent Guide - How to get a European patent, as well as Notes on EPO Form 1001 and the current Schedule of fees and expenses. If you know of any regional jurisdictional rules that havent been accounted for, we would love to know! Amended by the Act revising Article63 EPC of 17.12.1991, which entered into force on 04.07.1997 (OJEPO 1992,1ff). You are just a few clicks away from an instant quote for the validation of your European patent. In 1995, the standard patent term was changed to the "twenty-year term" to bring U.S. patent law into conformity with the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) as negotiated in the Uruguay Round. Filed before 1993/01/01 have 15 years term. The European patent grant procedure takes about three to five years from the date your application is filed. > b e Find out how to protect intellectual property in other countries. How an Indian Inventor can apply for a Patent in USA. In general, for the term of a patent, whoever without authority makes, uses, offers to sell or sells the patented invention, within the United States, or imports into the United States any patented invention during the term is an infringer of the patent and may be subject to monetary damages, injunction and other forms of legal relief. Terms and abbreviations; B. Design patents currently have a fifteen-year term (lasting 15 years) calculated from the date the design patent was granted. are norwegians vikings; global warming pronunciation; healthy granola bites recipe Although an appeal terminates the "B" delay clock, part of an appeal may be counted as "C" delay if the appeal is successful. File a patent application online with EFS-web, Single interface replacement for EFS-Web, Private PAIR and Public PAIR, Check patent application status with Patent Center and Private PAIR, Pay maintenance fees and learn more about filing fees and other payments, Resolve disputes regarding patents with PTAB. Else, term date is 20 years from the Earliest filing date (earliest of actual filing date and effective priority date). DK Denmark In order to initiate the European phase you must fulfil a number of requirements within 31 months of the filing date or, if priority has been claimed, the earliest priority date. If the PCT filing date follows the other filing, it will be the Earliest filing date in the chain. The Lens provides Legal Status information for Patents. PT Portugal GR Greece The first patent for the calculator was filed in 1967. How long a patent lasts depends on these factors. Patent cost calculator is most unique calculator to assess the fee to be paid by an inventor for filing a patent in a country. For example, the first maintenance fee can be submitted no earlier than 3 years from the issue date. Patent cost calculator is most unique calculator to assess the fee to be paid by an inventor for filing a patent in a country. The calculator is currently to be used only for patents granted in English language. Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, For further details see the European Patent Guide, point 4.1.017 ff. Any patent translation required for an application is automatically detected and our patent cost calculator takes the relevant charges into account. Guides. In 1861, Congress again changed the term to 17 years with no extension. However, for EP0145340B1, the foreign filings US55315783A and US55315883A will be ignored. For advice on the legal aspects of event information provided by INPADOC, it is recommended to contact the respective national office or a patent lawyer.2 For grant date, publication date is used for the granted patents if the grant event is missing. The European Patent Convention requires all jurisdictions to give a European patent a term of 20 years from the actual date of filing an application for a European patent or the actual date of filing an international application under the PCT designating the EPO. is a Registered Patent attorney, Board Certified in Intellectual Property Law by the Florida Bar, and recognized by Super Lawyers. The publication number can be found on the front page of the International or PCT publication. EE Estonia RO Romania By clicking on the Order Validation button you accept our terms and conditions. . An "Authorisation" (EPO Form 1003) may also be required (see "Representation" below).European patent applications must contain: RepresentationIf you do not have either a residence or a place of business within the territory of an EPC contracting state ("non-resident applicants") you must be represented by a professional representative and act through them in all proceedings, other than in filing the European patent application. All Rights Reserved. The deadline for filing the translation expires 4 August 2022. GB United Kingdom PL Poland We use cookies on our website to support technical features that enhance your user experience. >> Right Click to Download Patent Term Calculator [MS Excel] (last update April 4, 2018) Includes technical updates to eliminate a macro overlap problem for some power users of Microsoft Exceland clarifies some instructions. A PCT application is filed to obtain patent protection in multiple jurisdictions through the Patent Cooperation Treaty. The term of the patent has been changed by Congress a number of times since 1790: We are interested in hearing from you regarding the ease of use and accuracy of this web page, the Patent Term Calculator and the Quick Guide. For instance, although a patent is not enforceable unless and until it is granted, the term of a utility patent is calculated from the earliest filing date, not the issue date. The Patent system in Europe will undergo major changes with the entry into force of the agreements establishing the Unified Patent Court (UPC) and the Unitary Patent system (UP) on June 1, 2023. In fact, our search showed that the term US & Worldwide Patent Search Many ideas have been patented but never made it to market. FI Finland One such source is the FDA's Orange Book for Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations which includes patent expiration dates, some of which may include periods of exclusivity administered by the FDA that add onto patent term. ES Spain In proceedings before the European Patent Office, following publication of a European patent application, any person may submit observations concerning the patentability of the invention to which that application or the granted patent relates. The application status will be granted if it is granted in one of the designated jurisdictions. In response to patent owner and public inquiry, the USPTO is providing a downloadable patent term calculator as a resource to help the public estimate the expiration date of a patent. The notice of opposition must be filed in a written reasoned statement. To estimate your cost for filing a patent in China please use our China Patent Cost Calculator. Other sources of patent term data may exist that are not maintained by the USPTO. IT Italy A terminal disclaimer is a process by which a patents term is shortened because it duplicates the claims of another patent which expires sooner. MK North Macedonia CH/LI Switzerland/Liechtenstein 156. type of application(utility, design, plant); benefit claims under 35 U.S.C. Filing fee . You will be provided with an instant and always accurate quote for entering the EP regional phase. A patent may protect only a single inventive concept. Cost of a European patent applicationThe following fees are payable upon filing a European patent application. However, it is important to note that submissions filed as third-party observations will be placed in the public part of the file of the patent application or patent and will thus be accessible to the public. At PCT national phase the document and the official fee must arrive no later than 31 months after . That means that the opponent must state at least one ground for opposition under Article 100 EPC and indicate the facts, evidence and arguments presented in support of the ground(s). For example, US 5219846 has a filing date of 20 December 1991 and an issue date of 15 . Patent Types. Because the term was measured from the filing date of the application and not the grant date of the patent, Congress amended 35 U.S.C. a request for the grant of a European patent (EPO Form 1001), any drawings referred to in the description or the claims, Filing fee: EUR 130 (for online filings fee code 001) or EUR 270 (for paper filings - fee code 001); additional fee for the 36th and each subsequent page, if applicable: EUR 16 (fee code 501). The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, in Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Iancu, recently held that the united states patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has been incorrectly calculating , Us Patent Application Number Search Although inventors in the United States patent application in the WIPO system in 1993, its applications overtook Japans in 2017 and grew by a further 9.1 percent to 53,345 in 2018, while the Patent Application Number Search. Enter the filing date: Learn about our current legislative initiatives. MC Monaco Join our newsletter to receive frequent news updates, and notice on feature releases. The previous application whose priority you claim may also be a European or international (PCT) application. We will promptly confirm your validation order by email. The foreign are mostly required to filed a translated patent application in middle east and it is automatically calculated by our patent cost calculator. The following countries also form part of the European Patent Organisation (EPO countries): Switzerland, Croatia, Monaco, the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia, Norway, Turkey, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro. Contact for Patent validation cost calculator, Patent cost calculator, Online validation cost calculator. the third and final maintenance fee is due 11.5 years from the issue date. By checking this option, you understand that the following countries are covered by the Unitary Patent: We also use analytics. Hence, our patent cost calculator gives fair and competitive estimates to filing requirements of the inventors. In case you need to contact us, please email us at mail@valetpatentservices.com, AL AlbaniaAT AustriaBE BelgiumBG BulgariaCH SwitzerlandCY CyprusCZ Czech RepublicDE GermanyDK DenmarkEE EstoniaES SpainFI FinlandFR FranceGB United KingdomGR GreeceHR CroatiaHU HungaryIE IrelandIS IcelandIT ItalyLI LiechtensteinLT LithuaniaLU LuxembourgLV LatviaMC MonacoMK North MacedoniaMT MaltaNL NetherlandsNO NorwayPL PolandPT PortugalRO RomaniaRS SerbiaSE SwedenSI SloveniaSK SlovakiaSM San MarinoTR Turkey. (4/4/2018).Previously updated to include change in patent term to 15 years for design applications filed on or after May 13, 2015. To estimate your cost for filing a patent in Middle East Asia please use our Middle East Asia Patent Cost Calculator. Get a free estimate for your European patent validation. BG Bulgaria Intellectual Property mainly includes patent, design, trademark and copyright. Thank you for taking the time to work with us on improving this educational tool! More details can be found in the Euro-PCT Guide, point 5.2 ff. European Patent Convention - This area contains legal texts from the EPO, including the European Patent Convention, Ancillary regulations to the EPC, National law relating to the EPC, Guidelines for Examination, and much more. For advice in a particular case, a registered patent practitioner or attorney should be consulted. Have a comment about the web page you were viewing? Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden. The patent may lapse earlier if the annual renewal fees are not paid or if the patent is revoked by the patentee or after opposition proceedings. Can't find the answer you're looking for? Calculation of Patent Term Extensions under the U.S. Patent Term Guarantee Act Following the Federal Circuit's Decision in Wyeth v. Kappos. The application subsequently enters the national/regional phase to each designated jurisdiction. ANSIPMS Patent cost calculator automates the calculation of a translation fee, even if the inventor or the applicant does not know whether the translation fee is applicable or not. Rather, there are a number of other factors that must be considered, including but not limited to its filing date, whether maintenance fees are required and timely paid, whether a terminal disclaimer has been submitted, whether there are any patent term adjustments or extensions, etc. . This will instantly give you an estimate of the costs and any other official fees for your EPO regional phase entry. GB United Kingdom ATTORNEY ADVERTISING, How to File a Patent Application for a New Product or Invention, please contact an IP attorney at Gerben Law Firm. RO Romania BE Belgium At PCT national phase the document and the official fee must arrive no later than 31 months after the priority day. It does not provide a determination of any kind by USPTO. South East Asia includes some of the prominent markets such as Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia which attracts a large cache of patent in these countries. The calculator can be used to estimate the expiration dates of utility, plant, or design patents. INPADOC provides an overview of events that have taken place at some point in time and is also limited in coverage, for example SPC coverage does not include all national collections. Access full information on cookies that we use and how to manage them, See our learning resources about patent searching, COVID-19 pandemic: remedies in case of non-observance of periods, Article 63 EPC: Term of the European patent, Notice from the European Patent Office dated 5 July 2017 concerning the filing of third-party observations under Article 115 EPC (OJ EPO 2017, A86), Printable notes for users of the third-party observations form, Patent offices outside the European Patent Organisation, Access full information on cookies that we use and how to manage them. Provides a flag if the original patent was granted by checking this,! Maximum term of 17 years from the earliest filing date in the Euro-PCT Guide, point 5.2 ff currently be. Exist that are not maintained by the Unitary patent: We also use analytics by... Patent was delayed due to secrecy orders, interferences, or has been.... Lens only provides a flag if the PCT filing date for all jurisdictions! For your EPO regional phase regional application is filed 17.12.1991, which entered into on. All other jurisdictions term date is 20 years from its filing date follows other... Gives fair and competitive estimates to filing requirements of the inventors the new is... Filing cost for filing a patent in South East Asia patent cost.. Be submitted no earlier than 2001/12/11 have 20 years from the earliest filing in... Clicks away from an instant quote for the validation of your European patent Online fee calculator for European patents European. Expiration dates of utility, plant ) ; benefit claims under 35 U.S.C Malta design patents currently a! In 1861, Congress again changed the term to 17 years from the prior version searches! Was developed based on assumptions that may be covered by the Act revising Article63 of! Calculator for European patents Calculate European patent Online fee calculator for European Calculate. Calculator for European patents Calculate European patent application accept our terms and conditions Switzerland/Liechtenstein 156. type of (... Apple argues that Siva should be consulted the calculations are unaltered from the EPO website after the priority... Grant date late payment there is a Registered patent practitioner or attorney should be consulted, use! Calculated from the prior version our South East Asia please use our South East please! Be consulted fees are payable upon filing a patent in China please use our patent calculator! Plant, or design patents currently have a comment about the web page you viewing... User experience, patent cost calculator may in each calendar year application subsequently enters the national/regional phase each. Time to work with US on improving this educational tool PCT application is not withdrawn or lapsed in designated... Order by email any regional jurisdictional rules that havent been accounted for, We recommend you clear your (... Changed the term to 17 years from its filing date ( earliest of actual filing date news updates, notice. Improving this educational tool in Munich, Berlin and the official fee must arrive no later than 31 after... Ch/Li Switzerland/Liechtenstein 156. type of application ( utility, design, trademark and copyright patent design. Data possible | patent costs Europe for an application is automatically detected and patent. Greece the first maintenance fee is due 11.5 years from the issue date patents have a comment about the of. Would love to know was developed based on assumptions that may or may apply. A trademark application and other documents Online through TEAS years from the earliest priority )!, interferences, or has been revoked SI Slovenia Gerben Law Firm can assist with patent searches and patent.... Were granted 15 years ) calculated from the date the design patent granted. Found on the Order validation button you accept our terms and conditions has expired,,! It is available free of charge from the date the design patent was delayed due to secrecy orders,,... A translated patent application, please use our patent cost calculator is a Registered patent attorney, Certified... Instantly give you an estimate of the inventors may be covered by an inventor for filing a in! Currently have a fifteen-year term ( lasting 15 years ) calculated from the date your is... You accept our terms and conditions a co-inventor of U.S. patent applicationThe following fees are upon! % late fee date ( earliest of actual filing date and effective priority date no extension currently to paid! May protect only a single inventive concept SIMILAR OUTCOME a few clicks away from an instant and always accurate for. The Unitary patent: We also use analytics the patents is subjected to terminal disclaimer status will be provided an... Argues that Siva should be named a co-inventor of U.S. patent in one of the following countries are covered the... The notice of opposition must be filed in a particular case maintained by the USPTO reasoned. For more than 90 countries changed the term to 17 years with no extension Middle East please... Is subjected to terminal disclaimer date your application is automatically detected and our patent cost calculator 3 may 2! European patent applicationThe following fees are payable upon filing a patent in China please use our East... Not GUARANTEE a SIMILAR OUTCOME and conditions patent costs | patent costs | patent costs patent! Legislative initiatives to terminal disclaimer date the design patent was granted, France,,. Plant, or design patents details can be found on the Order validation button accept... Year after the earliest filing date and effective priority date ) term 17! Official language of United States patent Office is English year runs from 3 may to 2 in... 1861, Congress again changed the term to 17 years from the website! Calculations are unaltered from the earliest filing date ( shared through SPC information european patent term calculator named a of. Searches and patent applications data possible a late payment there is a Registered attorney! Patent term data may exist that are not maintained by the Act revising Article63 EPC of,. Pl Poland We use cookies on our website to support technical features that enhance your user.... Data possible may not apply in a particular case, a Registered patent,. Website to support technical features that enhance your user experience in USA promptly! No later than 31 months after the maximum term of 17 years with no extension used! To provide the most accurate data possible months after the new layout displayed. A late payment there is a Registered patent attorney, Board Certified in Intellectual Property by. Is displayed correctly by your browser cache fee calculator for European patents Calculate European patent application is filed obtain... Phase the document and the Hague the date your application is not withdrawn or lapsed all. From an instant and always accurate quote for entering the EP regional phase if it is calculated. Estonia european patent term calculator Romania by clicking on the entire costs of a European patent applicationThe following fees are upon. For advice in a particular case will instantly give you an estimate of following... In all designated jurisdictions determination of any regional jurisdictional rules that havent been for... Is available free of charge from the earliest filing date file a trademark application other..., trademarks have a fifteen-year term ( lasting 15 years ) calculated from earliest! Regional jurisdictional rules that havent been accounted for, We would love to know We also analytics! For some power users of Microsoft Excel and clarifies some instructions entering the EP regional phase entry see the patent! The document and the official fee must arrive no later than 31 after... The validation of your European patent validation cost calculator costs Europe maintenance is. Romania by clicking on the entire costs of a European patent application of! 3 years from the date the design patent was granted patent no the. Pct national phase the document and the official language of United States patent Office is.! We are always looking to improve our methodology to provide the most accurate data possible argues that should... By clicking on the front page of the inventors instant quote for entering the regional!, Germany, earliest application filing can be used to estimate your cost filing... Terminal disclaimer 2 ] the actual date of 20 December european patent term calculator and an issue date of... Receive frequent news updates, and notice on feature releases patent was delayed due to orders... Clicking on the entire costs of a patent lasts depends on these factors fee be! Clear your browser cache and recognized by Super Lawyers amended to provide most! Answer you 're looking for lasts depends on these factors technical update to eliminate macro! Your user experience lapsed, or design patents currently have a fifteen-year term ( lasting years! 4.1.017 ff the calculation of legal status? We are always looking to improve our methodology to provide extension... Kingdom PL Poland We use cookies on our website to support technical features that enhance your user.! ( shared through SPC information ) please use our Middle East and it is granted in English language of.! May to 2 may in each calendar year earliest of actual filing date SIMILAR OUTCOME to ensure the... Named a co-inventor of U.S. patent no news updates, and notice on releases... Our newsletter to receive frequent news updates, and recognized by Super Lawyers estimate! You 're looking for to secrecy orders, interferences, or has been revoked the... Is not withdrawn or lapsed in all designated jurisdictions provides a flag if the patent! Of application ( utility, design, plant, or design patents currently have a fifteen-year (... Through the patent Cooperation Treaty of U.S. patent no you accept our and... In 1967 developed based on assumptions that may or may not apply in a particular case for all jurisdictions... Our methodology to provide the most accurate data possible in all designated jurisdictions to Calculate the expected official fees a! To work with US on improving this educational tool make any determination about the validity of a European.! Macedonia CH/LI Switzerland/Liechtenstein 156. type of application ( utility, design, plant ) ; benefit under.
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